volume 3 ~ issue 4

This paper investigates complex effects in discrete time prey-predator model with harvesting on prey. The fixed points and their local stability were analyzed. Harvesting is strong impact on the dynamics evaluation of population .To a certain extent it can control the long term stationary density of population efficiently. Bifurcation diagram has been obtained for selected range of different parameters. As some parameters varied the model exhibited chaos as long time behavior.
Keywords: Bifurcation, Harvesting, Local Stability, Prey-Predator model

A reciprocating motion cassava shredder was designed, fabricated and evaluated. The machine consists essentially of a hopper where peeled cassava roots are put. Directly beneath the hopper is the shredding plate coupled to a horizontal shaft which when in operation undergoes reciprocating motion. The shredding plate is enclosed within the collector assembly. The horizontal shaft derives its motion through a slider and crank mechanism coupled to an electric motor via a belt drive with a pulley for primary speed reduction and regulation. A rugged framework is provided for mounting the machine and electric motor. The capacity of the machine is 320kg/hr. Experimental evaluation results showed that the size of the shredding aperture of the machine significantly affected the shredding efficiency of the machine. The shredding efficiency of the machine decreased with increasing shredding aperture, but increased with shredding speed. Maximum shredding efficiency of 92% was obtained when the shred aperture was 3mm and the shredding speed was 975rpm. The throughput capacity of the machine increased with speed of shredding with a maximum value of 319.89kg/hr at 975rpm and a minimum value of 301.54kg/hr at 325rpm.
Keywords: cassava,shredder,reciprocating,motion,shredding efficiency,throughput capacity

This work investigated the impact of anthropologic activities on the quality of water resources in Kaduna metropolis. The city has a population of 1.6 million people and has various landuses around both the main surface water body of river Kaduna and the groundwater sources. These landuses include residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural and civic. Water samples were collected at 12 sampling points (eight ground water and four surface water). Analysis of acidity (PH), temperature, electrical conducting, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, lead, oil and grease and coliforms were done. Results showed that values of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, coliforms and Lead were generally above the limits of regulatory bodies. The results also revealed very low level of dissolved oxygen. It also showed that domestic and industrial areas as well as irrigation sites were found to be most contaminated. Surface water has more trace elements, while ground water sources have more physico-chemical values in all the study.
KEYWORDS: contamination, Kaduna, Landuse, Parameters, Anthropogenic

The objective of the study is to enhance the reduction of corn cob and saw dust wastes and reduce the cost of concrete production by making use of locally available materials. Chemical composition of corn cob ash (CCA) and saw dust ash (SDA) as well as the workability and compressive strength properties of varying percentage of CCA – SDA cement concrete and 100% cement concrete of mixing ratio 1 : 2 : 4 and water – cement ratios of 0.5 which later increased to 0.6 and 0.7 were examined and compared. Slump test was carried out to check the effect of combination of CCA and SDA on the workability of fresh concrete. A total of 108 concrete cubes of size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm with different percentages by weight of combination of CCA and SDA to Portland cement in the order of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% were cast. The concrete cubes were tested at the ages of 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 days. The results showed that the combination of CCA and SDA are a good pozzolan with combined SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 of 76.67%. The slump value decreased as the combination of CCA and SDA contents increased indicating that concrete becomes less workable as the ashes content increased. The compressive strength of the concrete cubes increased as the days of curing increased and decreased with increasing ashes replacement. The compressive strength of concrete cubes with the combination of CCA and SDA was lower at early stages but improves significantly up to 56 days. The highest compressive strength was 25.52N/mm2 and 23.99N/mm2 at 56 days for 0% and 10% combination of CCA and SDA respectively. It was concluded that the use of combination of CCA and SDA as a partial replacement for cement in concrete, particularly in plain concrete works and non – load bearing structures, will improve waste to wealth initiative though only 10% CCA – SDA replacement is adequate to enjoy maximum benefit of strength gain.
Keywords: concrete, corn cob ash (CCA), saw dust ash (SDA), ordinary Portland cement, chemical composition

This research was carried out to evaluate the physical and chemical properties as well as microbial count of soils of Kogo Forest Reserve in North-Western Nigeria. Eight locations were randomly selected within the forest reserve. Composite soil samples were collected at three different depths (0-15, 15-30 and 30- 45cm) from each sampled location and subjected to laboratory analyses. Bulk density of the soils varied from1.3-1.5gcm3, porosity 36-57% and particle density ranged from 2.24–2.41gcm-3 with no significant difference (p>0.05) between means. Sand, silt and clay contents ranged from 71.9-88.2%, 8.7-16.5% and 3.1-11.6% respectively and were significantly different (p 0.05). Texturally, the soils were predominantly loamy sand. Soil pH was weakly acidic (6.13-6.63) and significant (p 0.05). Organic carbon was moderate (3.72-7.11g/kg) which decreased significantly with increased depth. Total Nitrogen ranged from 0.29-0.41g/kg with no difference (p 0.05) by location but differed significantly with increase in depth. Available phosphorous varied significantly with location (1.87-2.21mg/kg) and decreased with increase in depth and no significant difference (p>0.05). Exchangeable Ca, Mg K and Na were all significantly different (p 0.05) by location and decreased with increase in depth. CEC also varied significantly by location (p 0.05) and decreased with increase in depth with no significant difference. Kogo has fairly fertile soil, and hence closure of the forest for exploitation with maximum protection to allow the forest to fully regenerate will enhance the fertility of the soil and is therefore recommended.
Keywords: Characteristics, Forest, Kogo, Reserve, Soil

The study reports on experimental investigation on the suitability of the broken tiles as partial or full replacement for crushed granite in concrete production. Two control mixing ratios of 1 : 2 : 4 and 1 : 3 : 6 batched by volume with water – cement ratio of 0.55 were used. The percentage replacement varied from 0% to 100% at intervals of 25%. The slump test was used to assess the workability of the fresh concrete. The compressive strengths and densities of cured concrete cubes of sizes 150mm x 150mm x 150mm were evaluated at 3days, 7days, 14days, 21days and 28days. A total of 150 concrete cubes were cast and tested. Increase in the percentage replacement of crushed granite with broken tiles lowered workability, density and compressive strength. The compressive strengths and densities of both mixing ratio increase with days of curing. The compressive strength and density are maximum for concrete cubes with 100% crushed granite and minimum when broken tiles content is 100%. Compressive strength tests showed that 39% and 57% of the broken tiles in replacement for crushed granite was quite satisfactory with no compromise in compressive strength requirements for both concrete mixing rati
Keywords: concrete, ordinary Portland cement, broken tiles, crushed granite, compressive strength.

The Swarm intelligence is a search field that provides the collective behaviors of Insects or animals in that particular swarm. Many algorithms raised from this models have been proposed to solve complex problems. In this project, an oval swarm algorithm called the Social spider Optimization (SSO) is proposed for solving selection tasks. In the proposed algorithm, Individual stimulate a group of spiders which interact between each other based on the biological laws of the cooperative colony. The algorithm considers two different each agents (spiders): male and Female. According to their category, each individual is conducted by a set of different evolutionary operators. In order to explain the efficiency and robustness of the proposed approach, it is compared to their well-known evolutionary methods. By modifying the proposed approach we can attain a better result in the field of web service selection as well as discovery. The outcome shows a high performance of the proposed method for searching a global optimum with several benchmark functions.Web service technology has gained more important role in developing distributed applications and systems on Internet. Continuous growth of explored Web services makes their discovery and selection process more and more complicated. There are many web services which have similar functional characteristics. The aim of Web service selection is to search services into internet i.e. registry and to fetch the related services according to the requestor needs and providing it to them. The user sends an request to the registry and the registry selects all the related services in it and provide it to the user and make the user to select from it based on his/her queries.The Objective of this proposal is to embed the bio inspired algorithm technique (SSO) into the web service selection process to make that process an efficient one and also to provide the related response to the user’s request. The result which is achieved is of dynamic web service response to the service requester.
Keywords: ABC, Dominant value, SOAP, SSO, UDDI, WS, WSDL, WSIL, XML.

Distributed computing is a science which solves a large problem by giving small parts of the problem to many computers to solve and then combining the solutions for the parts into a solution for the problem. As the increasing amount of data is collected in mobile wireless networks for emerging pervasive applications, data-centric storage provides energy-efficient data dissemination and organization. One of the approaches in data centric storage is that the nodes that collected data will transfer their data to other neighbouring nodes that store the similar type of data. However, when the nodes are mobile, type-based data distribution alone cannot provide robust data storage and retrieval, since the nodes that store similar types may move far away and cannot be easily reachable in the future. Reliable storage of data with concurrent read/write accesses still appears to be a challenging problem in mobile ad hoc networks.
Keywords:Distributed Coding, Distributed storage, Distributed systems, Mobile ad hoc network (MANET), Mobile storage systems, Replication, Reliable Data Storage.

The design and simulation of PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylate) microtweezer that can be used for the manipulation of biological species in solution with minimal desired interactions is done using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2a. The electro thermally activated polymer bimorph microtweezer consists of two “hot-and-cold-arm” actuators with gold (Au) layer of 1 um thick on both sides of the actuator to provide bidirectional operation i.e. capable of producing displacement in two directions as a single device. It provides the total inward displacement of 11.38 μm and total outward displacement of 8.06 μm with applied potential of 1 volt.
Keywords: Mineral, Ore, Concentration, Hardness

Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer heat between two or more fluid streams at different temperatures. A very serious problem in the mechanical design of heat exchangers is flow induced vibration of the tubes. There are several possible consequences of tube vibration, all of them bad. The tubes may vibrate against the baffles, which can eventually cut holes in the tubes. In extreme cases, the tubes can strike adjacent tubes, literally knocking holes in each other. The repeated stressing of the tube near a rigid support such as a tube sheet can result in fatigue cracking of a tube, loosening of the tube joint, and accelerated corrosion. The flow induced vibrational analysis is considered as integral part of mechanical and thermal design of shell and tube heat exchangers. TEMA has developed standards in areas of flow induced vibrational analysis which have achieved worldwide acceptance. The paper explains depth vibrational analysis of a real world project in accordance to TEMA regulations.
Keywords: TEMA, Vortex shedding, turbulent buffeting, shell and tube heat exchanger, critical velocity

This paper investigates the behaviour of properties of cassava based ethanol-water system during azeotropic distillation process. The product of fermentation is assumed to be binary mixture. The objective is to arrive at the optimum process conditions that will give the required percentage of purification using a new developed software. Simulations are performed with cassava as the biomass material and the parameters obtained from the beer produced from fermentation of cassava mash as the input for the software.The considered parameters were Reflux Ratio (R), Relative Volatility (RV), Minimum Reflux Ratio (Rmin), Mole Fraction of the most volatile component in the distillate (xD), Mole Fraction of the most volatile component in the bottom (xB), Mole Fraction of the most volatile component in the feed (xF), thermodynamics properties of the feed (q). The results obtained using the developed Software is compared with the predicted result from Central Composite Design model at various input levels and the new software is validated with published experimental results. The process simulation results show that the reflux ratio, relative volatility increases with increase in temperature at constant pressure and have significant effect on purification of ethanol compared to other parameters.
Keywords: Bioethanol, Cassava, Azeotropic Distillation, Design Expert, Simulation.

The study examined the effect of urbanization on green areas in Calabar metropolis. The aim of the study was to see how changes in land use due to urbanization have affected the green area in Calabar. Data for the study was obtained from aerial photographs and was considered within the period of2004 to 2012. Remote sensing and geographic information systems (Arc view GIS 9.3 software) technology was used in change detection analysis. The study revealed there was anincrease in the amount of urban developed space from80.96 sq. km in 2004 to 111.26 in 2009 and125.125 in 2012. Therefore, a total of 44.165 sq.kmof urban green space have been lost to built-up areas (urbanization). Based on these, caution should be applied in this increased and sudden urban expansion, as urban green areas play very significant roles in the maintenance and sustenance of ecological balance on the environment and urban ecosystems.
Keywords: Effect, Urbanization, Urban Green Areas, Calabar Metropolis, Arc GIS 9.3.

The society which is structured on patriarchal lines is responsible for marginalizing women in all spheres of society,economy and decision making process. Gender differences led women to suppress in the decision making on various issues occurring in their daily activities. Roles and responsibilities of women and their choices are restricted to specific sphere. The present paper is an attempt to assess the socio-economic status of women living in Varanasi city and their participation in decision making process. The number of the subject selected from the study area (Varanasi city, Uttar Pradesh) was 600. An interview schedule and questionnaire were simultaneously administered to the selected subject. Result indicates that participation of women in decision making may likely to affect by socio-economic status of women. Awareness companion, inculcation through text books and interventory programmes are required on gender sensitive issues
Keywords: Socio-economic status, participation, decision making

Since late nineteenth century till date, major World cities have been growing in size and in height. Tall buildings have become a prominent feature in any city of economic or political importance. This has been in response to the ever pressing need for greater accommodations in vibrant economic cities and for the acute scarcity buildable land in major urban areas. USA pioneered the growth tall buildings more than one hundred years ago while the developing nations have taken the baton from the USA since the reasons that gave birth to the development of tall buildings are becoming more critical in the developing countries. This research therefore evaluates the challenges affecting the development and optimal use of tall buildings in Nigeria. Lagos the economic capital and Abuja the political capital of Nigeria are chosen for this research. Statistical methods were used to analyse the data collected and interesting results emerged from the research. A 100% absence of regulation for high rise construction and maintenance, about 90% lack of domestic expertise for high rise buildings, almost zero public supply of electricity and water were among the results obtained..
Keywords: Emergency Preparedness, Safety Measures, Tall buildings, Urban Over-population.

Lean Manufacturing (LM) is considered as a rapid growing manufacturing culture. The companies are facing cut throat competition and so are compelled to continuously perform better than their competitors. Hence the organizations are growing at a faster pace, to enhance their position in the competitive world. Industrial organizations have to adopt the new philosophies like lean. Lean Manufacturing may be defined as the technique which is used for the continuous elimination of all types of waste in the production process to improve the efficiency. Management strategies and philosophies are always difficult and uncertain because change is inevitable and the companies should devise it as per the customer's requirement. The primary competitive measure of lean is "ability to respond to the customer and satisfy his requirements by making the process of the production efficient and waste free".

Mardia et al (1989) considered the problem of estimating the parameters of nonsingular multivariate normal distribution with certain constraints. Nagmur (2003) considered the problem of estimating the mean sub-vector of non-sigular multivariate normal distribution with certain constraints. In this paper we try to estimate mean sub-vector under some different constraints and submatrix of Σ with certain constraints for a nonsingular multivariate normal distribution.
Keywords: Likelihood Function, Maximum Likelihood Estimator, Non-singular Multivariate Normal Distribution, Constraints.

This paper focuses on environmental education for empowerment in Michael Anthony's The Year in San Fernando (1965). It examines the interactions between man and environment that have increasingly become complex such that the duo are now in serious danger of survival. Environmental issues such as flood, earthquake, deforestation, global warming and volcanic eruption as challenges abound that demand interdisciplinary and intelligent articulation of awareness education for long lasting solutions. The study sets out to create ecological consciousness making use of ecocriticism to interpret the primary text of this study. It is premised on the belief that to empower readers with adequate education to resolve the nature-culture conflict, the exploitation of ecocriticism, a multidisciplinary field is imperative. This paper, by way of conclusion, observes that man's perception of nature only for economic value is one good cause of environmental problems. It is therefore, recommended that literary writers adjust their literature aperture to capture the environmental implication of human activities in their creative works as a way of engineering the soul of man towards environmentalism.
Keywords: Environment, Ecocriticism, Nature, Education, Culture

The present study was to evaluate nitrite toxicity in fish gills during long-term exposure of sublethal concentration of sodium nitrite (NaNo2). The effect of nitrite on histopathological parmeters were evaluated exposing Indian freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala to a sublethal concentration of nitrite (28.31ppm) for different period from 7 to 35 days (7, 14, 21, 28, 35) days. During 7th day exposure, the primary gill lamellae swollen due to hyperplasia of epithelial cells. At the end of 14th day, mucous cells were located in the secondary lamellae and on 21st and 28th day hypertrophied epithelial, lamellar hyperplasia in the middle part of secondary lamella, epithelial lifting, aneurysms lifting, lamellar fusion, and bulging was detected. The observed changes were severe as the exposure period of gill at the end of 35th days..
Keywords: Sodium nitrite, Cirrhinus mrigala, fish gills.

In this paper, we present the anti-synchronization of two chaos-exhibiting systems-Bullard and Rikitake dynamos using nonlinear active control techniques in a master-slave topology. Nonlinear active control laws were derived and added to the algebraic structure of the Bullard slave system and the Lyapunov stability criteria was applied to verify the negative definiteness of the error dynamics as a condition for antisynchronization of the two systems. Simulation results confirmed the effectiveness of the approach in coupling the dynamics of the systems.
Keywords: Antisynchronization, Bullard, Chaos, Lyapunov stability, Rikitake

Due to depletion of fossil fuel reserves and increasing cost of the petroleum products are the big troubles of today's world .from past to present, tendency of oil price have increased consecutively. Especially, India has deficient amount of fossil fuel .for this reason, India has to import fossil fuel, such as petroleum for domestic demand. In this review our main focus is on finding alternative fuel resources and utilizing them to eliminate their negative effects, become of the limitation of petroleum products.In this context, waste oils are currently receiving renewed interest. The properties of the oils derived from waste plastic pyrolysis oil, used engine oil and waste tire oil were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it has properties similar to that of diesel. This paper gives a brief review about using waste oils of these three types of oils as a fuel for diesel engines. The production processes of each type of waste oils are presented. The results obtained in the comparison of waste purifying oil properties with fresh diesel are discussed.

In the global world of mobile technology millions of users connect and share on unknown networks without being aware of vulnerability of their confidentiality. Android platform is most popular OS among the smart phones users as well as developers, its open and flexible nature allows a large community to upload and download applications. Such extensive usage makes it an easy target for attack and misuse. A malicious application may steal the confidential data of user and upload it on its server, which is a threat to user's security. In this paper, we propose an approach to classify an application as malware or benign app by using data mining. To categorize an application we use various attributes of an app:(i) the permissions used by an application, (ii) battery usage rating based on permissions and (iii)rating acquired by the application on Android market. We apply Naive Bayes classifier to deduce the results based on the probability of an application being malware or not. These results are uploaded on the cloud where a user can view the results and query an application as being malicious or not to our server.
KEYWORDS: Android, Malware Detection, Data mining

This paper investigates the influence of the design parameters of the upper ferromagnetic shunt, namely the value of the holding area H S ,that creates a holding force H F , equal to that in breakaway stage in magnitude of this holding force at the breakaway stage. The design of an integrated circuit and the equivalent magnetic circuit of the integrated LEMM on breakaway stage was built, mathematical models of system were laid out. The most acceptable range of these ranges of magnitude of holding area is  0 .2 ... 0 .4  H S , and this happens when  0 .2 ... 0 .4  ush .The resulting holding force will vary in range of (0 .05 ... 0 .15 ) to (0 .2 ... 0 .55 )
Keywords: Holding force, holding area, holding device, break away stage, upper shunt, lower shunt, anchor

The damping of an engineering structure is important in many aspects of noise and vibration control, fatigue endurance and so on, since it controls the amplitude of resonant vibration response. Damping in fiber-reinforced composite materials is highly tailorable with respect to constituent properties, fiber volume fractions and ply orientation angles. To this end an experimental analysis of the damping of unidirectional graphite reinforced epoxy composites was carried out. Damping characteristics of laminates are analysed experimentally using impulse technique. Composite laminate were made using the traditional hand-lay-up process. Experimental dynamic tests were carried out using specimens with different fiber orientations and three different boundary conditions and different thickness.
Keywords: Composite materials, FFT, Graphite, Modal Damping, Modal Testing.

Renewable energy is predicted to be the future of energy around the globe. The Renewable energy sources include energy from wind, sun, hydro, tidal, geothermal and energy from renewable bio mass, but wind and solar power takes an important place in the production of energy from the Renewable energy sources. These sources are subjected to natural variability and it creates distinct challenges for their integration into the large power system. De-carbonization, energy security and expanding energy access are the major driving forces towards Renewable energy sources. But there are certain difficulties that are faced when a large capacity of Renewable energy is being integrated to the grid, Non-controllable variability, Partial unpredictability, Location dependency, transmission technology seems to be major concerns when they are being integrated with the grid. We are providing solution for these above listed problems to obtain maximum efficiency from the Renewable energy sources.

Ethyl Esters of Lard (EEL) has been investigated as a mild steel corrosion inhibitor in petroleum-water mixture by weight-loss tests at different concentrations (0.1g/l, 0.2g/l, 0.3g/l, 0.4g/l and 0.5g/l) of inhibitor, and at temperatures of 303 K, 313 K, 323 K and 333 K. Results show that inhibition efficiency increases as the inhibitor concentration increases, decreases with temperature, and follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was found that the adsorption of the ethyl ester on mild steel is by physical adsorption. For the trans-esterification process, the optimal parameters needed for the optimal yield of the ester were: reaction time of 120 minutes, temperature of 75oC, content of catalyst of 1% and alcoholic content of 72 cm3.
Keywords: Corrosion inhibitor, ethyl ester, Lard, mild steel, petroleum-water mixture.

The study was carried out regarding University students' admission placement using artificial neural networks needed in the University. The objective was to automate the university screening and placement process. The back propagation algorithm technique was used to develop this system because of its ability to minimize error and maximize accuracy. The placement of candidates into Departments is based on candidate's choice when requirements are met; otherwise the system assigns an alternative course for the candidate. Each candidate must have at least five relevant O' level credits including Mathematics and English language, to qualify for the chosen course. Candidates' O' level grades are strictly used for the placement process, having met the UTME and other entry requirements. A visual C# compiler was used to develop the framework for this work. The result of the proposed classification algorithm ensures even distribution of students into various courses of the universities. The result is very effective and efficient in admission screening and placement processes.KEYWORDS - UTME, input layer, Students Placement, and Nigerian Universities.

Network traffic anomalies stand for a large number of the internet traffic and highly affect the performance of the network resources. Detecting these threats is a time consuming task and is laborious that network operators face daily. In spite of the advantages of these methods, researchers have reported several common drawbacks that affect their use in practice. The generation of packet header, IP addresses as well as the communication between client and the server were achieved through simulation. A server and a client were designed in Java programming language using server and socket classes. Hough transform is then applied to the picture in order to obtain a Hough space. From the Hough space, points that constitute a line in the picture, based on the threshold that are identified. The lines drawn in the Hough space representing the points that intersects. These straight lines indicate abnormal behavior in the simulated network communication. They are the identified anomalies in the traffic. Statistical method has common drawback as lack of ground truth data and approximate evaluation of the method. This method take advantage compared to other method which stated that graphical representation reduce the dimension of network traffic and provide intuitive output as it is not possible with current statistical method. Therefore network operators should adopt the current method of detecting anomaly which in turn increases performance and quest for development.
Keywords: Network Traffic, Data, Anomaly, Hough Space

In this paper are given the modal analysis simulation in particular block Lanczos method. The modal analysis is carried out on the tungsten cantilever beam. The cantilever beam is designed in the graphical environment of the ANSYS and Solid Works. The cantilever beam was fixed on one end and all degrees of freedom on this end were taken, beam cannot move and rotate. Mode shapes and natural frequencies are computed in programs ANSYS and Solid Works with numerical formulation of the direct solver including the block Lanczos method.
Keywords: cantilever beam, ANSYS, Solid Works

This paper discusses application of coating on carbide insert to be used in the manufacturing industry as cutting tool. To achieve this in an efficient way, experiments on a variety of coatings are conducted on AISI 1018 steel, AISI M42 tool steel (58-63 HRC) and Titanium alloys (Ti64). Design/methodology/approach: The conventional PVD and CVD methods have its limitations and that innovative processes are essential within the framework of an environmentally oriented quality management system. Meeting the requirements of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 standards, the proposed model ensures the fulfilment of the basic requirements leading to the required quality of preparation processes and the quality of end products (hard coatings). In order to assess the impact of different coatings on the machining process, initial experiments simulate existing machining operations; this provides a standard for tool life and surface finish.

Keywords: Machining; Steel AISI 1018, AISI M42 steel, Titanium alloys (Ti64) &Coatings.

Using specialized knowledge and perspectives of a set in decision-makings about issues that are qualitative is very helpful. Delphi technique is a group knowledge acquisition method, which is also used for qualitative issue decision-makings. Delphi technique can be used for qualitative research that is exploratory and identifying the nature and fundamental elements of a phenomenon is a basis for study. It is a structured process for collecting data during the successive rounds and group consensus. Despite over a half century of using Delphi in scientific and academic studies, there are still several ambiguities about it. The main problem in using the Delphi technique is lack of a clear theoretical framework for using this technique. Therefore, this study aimed to present a comprehensive theoretical framework for the application of Delphi technique in qualitative research. In this theoretical framework, the application and consensus principles of Delphi technique in qualitative research were clearly explained.
Keywords: Delphi Technique, Qualitative Research, Theoretical Framework

On trying to reach out a simulation model of a particular voltage and current as an output of sepic which uses a current source. This procedure may be checked, modified, and used to charge up a battery of relevant kind from a solar panel.

KEYWORDS: simulation model, sepic, voltage, current, current source, charge up, battery, and solar panel.

The introduction of a myriad of mobile money services (MMS) by various mobile money service providers to customers has become common in the recent years as a way of gaining competitive advantage through diversification, maintaining customer loyalty and increasing market share in order to grow their profitability and improve their financial position. The roll out of these services in developing countries has generated a lot of interest among various players in the financial sector of the economy. Such services include person to person (P2P) mobile money transfer (MMT), pay bill services, loan to customers and access to a wide range of banking services e.g. a/c balances, mini statements, transfer of money from one's mobile line a/c to one's own bank a/c. This provides both an opportunity and a challenge to the banking industry, one of the leading industries in the financial sector. However, the impact of MMS on the performance of banking institutions in Kakamega town has not been documented. The main purpose of this study is to assess effect of MMS on the performance of the banking institutions: a case of Kakamega town. It will objectively seek to examine how various mobile money services transactions' impact on the performance of banking institutions in Kakamega town; establish the effect of accessibility to mobile money services on the performance of banking institutions in Kakamega town and finally the effect of efficiency and proficiency of mobile money services on the performance of banking institutions in Kakamega town. A sample of 115 respondents will be used to gather data from 13 financial institutions in Kakamega town. Data collection will be basically through self administered questionnaires, both structured and semi-structure; interviews and observation. The data collected will be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The study will be backed by literature review on mobile money services utilized by banks, MMS provided by various service providers and customers' preference on the use of MMS over financial services provided by banks. The study may be used to help bank's policy makers in Kakamega town, Kenya and world at large to identify areas of co-operation with MMS providers as well as to make necessary policies aimed at mitigation of negative effects of the adoption and use of mobile money services on their businesses. It will also contribute to the growth in scholarly understanding and knowledge on the effect of provision of mobile money services on the performance of banking institutions and recommend areas of further research in mobile money services.
Keywords: Mobile money services (MMSs); Mobile money transfers (MMTs), M-pesa, and Banking institutions.

This paper proposes a generic approach of understanding human actions in uncontrolled video. The idea is to use images collected from the Web to learn representations of actions and use this knowledge to automatically annotate actions in videos. We use LDA to obtain a more compact and discriminative feature representation and binary SVMs for classification. Our approach is unsupervised in the sense that it requires no human intervention other than the text querying. We present experimental evidence that using action images collected from the Web. To our best knowledge, this is one of the first studies that try to recognize actions from web images.
Keywords: Annotate actions, Event Recognition, Generic database, Histogram of Oriented Gradients, tagging videos.

Sedimentation in the Anambra Basin (SE Nigeria) thus commenced with the late Cretaceous (Campano-Maastrichtian) marine and paralic shales of the Enugu and Nkporo Formations, overlain by the coal measures of the Mamu Formation. The fluviodeltaic and subtidal sandstones of the Ajali and Owelli Formations lie on the Mamu Formation. The overlying deltaic Nsukka and marine shales of the Imo Formations were deposited during the Paleocene. These two formations (Mamu and Nsukka) consist of a cyclic succession of coals, carbonaceous shales, silty shales and siltstones interpreted as deltaic deposits. Late Cretaceous coals from the Anambra Basin region were analyzed by reflected light-fluorescence microscopy and Rock Eval 6 pyrolysis to evaluate their regional rank variation and petroleum generative potential. The coal ranks in the region range from a low of 0.56%Ro in the OKAB area to a high of 0.59%Ro in the ONYE area. Tmax (oC) values (Rock Eval 6 pyrolysis) also increase progressively with increasing vitrinite %Ro values. However, Tmax values of coal and shale samples are between 417 and 432ºC respectively. HI values range from 21.50 to 344.53mgHC/gTOC suggesting that the samples have gas and oil-generating potential. On the basinal evaluation, incorporating source rock data from other formations in the respective sectors, plots on the modified Van Krevelen diagram and maceral data indicates excellent to fair source rock qualities (oil and gas) in the Anambra Basin.

KEYWORDS - Maastrichtian Formations, Anambra Basin, SE Nigeria, sub-bituminous coals, source rock, oil generation.

This paper pertains to a textile industry engaged in manufacture of fabrics and yarn in which co-generation play vital role for cost effective process. In this article we optimised flue gases from gas engine and low pressure steam from turbine. The main objective of this article on Co-Generation, combined heat and power brings about the need of the co-generation to meet the present demand of electricity and reduce costing to prepare high quality fabric and yarn. It also bridges the gap between supply and ever increasing demand of electrical energy and becoming self reliant in terms of captive electrical power rather depends on the state grids. It also talks about the co-generation technology, benefits, applications and Potential beneficiaries for the amateurs who are keen to implement this technology to meet their needs and serves nation as a whole by reducing the load on grids and reduction of CO2 emissions to protect the environment.

The article deals with the issues of Park & Ride - a tool to decrease the amount of private cars in favor of public transport in order to improve the modal split. A new type of road junction is introduced with a possibility to easily access its center area. A generalized framework of sustainable development by AlQahtany et al. is used to evaluate the new junction with a Park & Ride facility placed inside it. Advantages of this integrated system are described by comparing it to a conventional junction with a Park & Ride nearby it.

KEYWORDS - Park and Ride (P&R), PINAVIA road junction, sustainable development, urban planning

Phytochemical and anti microbial analyses were carried out on the purified stems extract of Cola gigantea. The Harbone method was used in the extraction and the extract separated using a combination of column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography resulting in the isolation of four fractions with Rf values of 0.2667, 0.4133, 0.5667 and 0.7667 for stem fractions 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The isolated fractions were subjected to structural elucidation using the combination of appropriate spectroscopic instruments; FTIR, UV, H1-NMR, C13-NMR and GC-MS which gave rise to the following suggested compounds: 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxyl-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid,2-pentyl-5,7-dodecadiyne-1,12-diol;Phenol,4-(3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxy-2-(2-nitrophenoxy) benzaldehyde-4-isopropyl-3-methyl phenoxy acetylhydrazone; 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-H-pyrano [2,3-C]pyrazol-6-onecyclopropaneoctanoicacid,2-[[2-[(2-ethylcyclopropyl)methyl] cyclopropyl]methyl]-methylester-5-methoxy-2-phenyl-7-chromanol and 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid,dioctyl-methyl-12-oxo-9-dodecenoate were contained in stem fractions 1-4 respectively. Results of the phytochemical analysis showed the presence of some secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, terpenoids in various concentrations with flavonoids, steroids and resins in very high concentration. The values of the mineral elements; As (0.51mg/g), Cd (0.40mg/g), Cr (0.57mg/g), Fe (1.01mg/g) etc in the stems were above the WHO recommendations thus showing the need for further purification before therapeutic usage. The antimicrobial analyses (the anti fungal and anti bacterial analyses) using the Punched agar diffusion method was carried out on the four isolated fractions comparatively with a standard drug Cipromax fort (a broad spectrum antibiotic). A total of fourteen test organisms were used consisting of eleven bacteria strains and three fungi with stem fractions being active on all the test organisms given their average diameter zones of inhibition which ranged between 10mm and 28mm. Comparatively, the standard drug cipromax fort was of better antimicrobial effect than the stem extracts. However, these fractions could serve as antimicrobial to diseases caused by these test organisms as acclaimed by ethno medical practitioners and as confirmed from their MIC, MBC and MFC results.

Keywords: Cola gigantea, Phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial analysis, cipromax fort.

Effort is here made to observe and note the spread of RTA frequencies based on the period of occurrences. The classification was based on two distinctive seasons of wet and dry. Effects of religious festive seasons on road traffic accident occurrence were also considered in the paper. A record on Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) frequency on the study route was analysed under temporal variable of festivals and seasons against the total cases of accidents covered by the study. To estimate the effects of each of the temporal variables on accidents, one way analysis of variance ANOVA was used at 0.05 level of significance at 95% confident intervals, from which a decision to accept or reject the result was made. It was revealed amongst others that road traffic accidents is high during wet season throughout the four years of study spanning 2007 to 2010. It is recommended that vegetation growth and agricultural activities, which are fully alive during the rainy season along the main road, should be prohibited, because they obstruct motorists from clear visibility.
Keywords: Spanning, Impair, Ed- Fitr, Ed- Kabir, Confident Interval, Yuletide, EMBER

On trying to reach out a simulation model of a particular voltage and current as an output of sepic which uses a current source. This procedure may be checked, modified, and used to charge up a battery of relevant kind from a solar panel.

KEYWORDS: simulation model, sepic, voltage, current, current source, charge up, battery, and solar panel.

Alloy wheels are automobile wheels which are made from an alloy of aluminum or magnesium metals or sometimes a mixture of both. Alloy wheels differ from normal steel wheels because of their lighter weight, which improves the steering and the speed of the car. Alloy wheels will reduce the unstrung weight of a vehicle compared to one fitted with standard steel wheels. The benefit of reduced unstrung weight is more precise steering as well as a nominal reduction in fuel consumption. Alloy is an excellent conductor of heat, improving heat dissipation from the brakes, reducing the risk of brake failure under demanding driving conditions. At present four wheeler wheels are made of Aluminum Alloys. In this project a parametric model is designed for Alloy wheel used in four wheeler by collecting data from reverse engineering process from existing model. Design is evaluated by analyzing the model by changing the design of rim styles to be strong and balanced. Its material should not deteriorate with weathering and corrosion.
Keywords:

This paper investigates mainly the tensile strength and tensile properties of natural and lime stabilized clayed soil selected from Ikwerre Local Government Area in Rivers State using indirect tensile testing technique (splitting test). The tensile strengths of compacted specimens of natural soil and lime stabilized soil were obtained using the split cylinder. The tensile stress and strain curves of the soils were evaluated. The compressive strength of the soils were also determined. The results reveal that both the tensile and compressive strengths increase with the addition of lime and with the increasing the curing time. Further more the results shows that the tensile strength is more sensitive to lime stabilization than the compressive strength. The stress-strain curves were regular at 2, 4, and 6% lime content and irregular at 0 and 8% this irregularity were due to the pattern of loading during the experiment.
Keywords: Tensile strength, lime stabilization, split cylinder test, stress strain curves, Ikwerre clay

Offline content player framework is basically the e-learning solution for learners. Offline Content Player Frame--work provides offline content for self learning which helps learner to learn technology very quickly and efficiently without human trainer. Actually this is totally user interactive system to learn technology in systematic manner. System gives different frames to play offline content. Frames can hold multimedia content about any technology to learn. System also keeps track of bookmark and history throughout study tour.

KEYWORDS - Deterministic, Intranet, Model, Numerous, OCPF,

Based on a completely random effect model, optimal designs were constructed for the estimation of five variance components in a model that has both crossed factors and nested factors usually called nested factorial. We considered a scenario where the same balanced two stage hierarchical nested design is nested within the treatment combinations of a two way crossed classification. Groups of design with the same total sample size were generated and for a particular configuration of the variance components, generated designs were compared for A-optimality and D-optimality of the information matrix of the maximum likelihood estimators.

In this paper, an M/M/1 queueing system with server Start-up, N-Policy, breakdowns at two phases of service and Balking is analyzed. Customers arrive at the system according to a Poisson process. They receive the first phase service as a batch followed by second essential phase of individual service. Arriving customers may balk with a certain probability and may depart without getting service due to impatience. Lack of service occurs when the server is on vacation, busy during the service mode or due to the sudden breakdowns of the server. For this model the probability generating functions for the number of customers present in the system at various states of the server are derived and obtained the closed-form expressions for various performance measures of interest. Further a total expected cost model is formulated to determine the optimal threshold of N at a minimum cost. Finally, numerical examples are given.

KEYWORDS - Vacation, Start-up, Server Breakdowns, Balking, Cost model.

A chassis serves the purpose of a framework for supporting the body and different parts of the vehicle. It consists of several mounting brackets. This paper focuses on the damper mount, which should be rigid enough to withstand the shock, twist, vibration and different stress conditions. Strength being the paramount concern, it should have adequate bending and torsional stiffness for better handling characteristics. The work performed towards the optimization of the damper bracket with constrains of stiffness, strength and natural frequency. The paper describes the mesh optimization with using finite element analysis technique to predict the higher stress and critical region on the component. The optimization is carried out to reduce the stress concentration and material. With using computer aided design (CAD), SOLIDWORKS software the structural model of a bracket is developed. Furthermore, the finite element analysis performed with using software ANSYS.

KEYWORDS - Bending moment, Deformation, Neutral axis, Optimization, Von-Mises stress

Recent improvements in data communication can empower new features in various industries. Tourism can also profit from real-time data communication to attack problems of data untimeliness, which is one of main problems existing in tourism industry in Thailand. Hence, this study is aimed at developing an active tourism information acquisition system using gamification concepts. Our system is created from customer needs through the QFD technique, from which we found that two key issues, e.g. (1) incentive by gamification and (2) highly increasing up-to-date data, can influence travelers to visit certain places. Our work uses technology acceptance survey from 554 travelers. We have found the actual factor that affect user adoption and inspire user to make the travel happens. When the users accept and use the system, the tourism information will be collected and updated in the system continually. The paper demonstrates that applying acquisition system with tourism sector can be used to improve the system in the same domain to actually support business by responding to the travelers' demands decisively.

KEYWORDS - acquisition systems, gamification, QFD, Technology acceptance model, Tourism information.

Combination press tool is a die in which cutting operation and a non cutting operation on a part is accomplished in one stroke of the press. This paper deal about the development of combination press tool to be used for the manufacturing rice thresher blade. The press tool performs double lancing operation, which is bending and blanking, on a single stroke of the press tool. The case study was taken to replace the existing rice threshing machine drum which is produced currently by welding to replace by using combination press tool. The rice threshing machine is used to thresh rice of large amount with a little time. The initial design of the thresher machine is composed of stamped sheet metal as a blade for threshing. But the case company (Amhara Agricultural Mechanization and Food Science Research Center), presently uses a drum fabricated by welding, which is found to be less effective and less efficient relative to stamped blade threshing machines. This welded drum was used due to lack of press tool to manufacture the drum blade from sheet metal. Generally the existing system of manufacturing causes; production of less efficient threshing machine, larger weight and less portable threshing machine, shorter life of product due to structural instability and higher cost of manufacturing and lower productivity rate due to extended production lead time of the thresher machine up to three days. This research focuses on designing of combined press tool to be used in the fabrication of the rice thresher blade, two dimensional and three dimensional modeling of the components, analyzing stress and displacement on the components. The modeling and structural analysis of the components was carried out on SolidWorks 2013 and is found to be acceptable. The design and selection of combined press tool components is carried out by following standard die design approach and analysis methods. The designed combined press tool system incorporates combined press tool, which is suitable to use on the existing press machine in case company. Also the simulation and stability of the combined press tool is validated using Logopress3. The rrice thresher blade which is manufactured by the combination tool will result in higher production rate by decreasing the production lead time from three days to one day this reduces the cost of manufacturing.

KEYWORDS - Combined Press Tool, Thresher Blade, Punch Design, Die Design

This study was undertaken to examine the trend or pattern in the Nigeria capital market, as well as to determine a suitable model for forecasting the Nigerian stock market by applying the techniques of the Box-Jenkins ARIMA model. The augmented dickey-fuller test (ADF) was employed to test the presence of a unit root (stationary or non stationary). The test shows that the stock market data are non stationary, after which it was differenced once to obtain stationary. The results showed that the trend or pattern of the Nigerian stock market is better represented by exponential model (that is, non-linear relationship exists between the operators and the general public). Among the series of ARIMA models tested, it was discovered that ARIMA (2, 1, 2) model performs best since it has a minimum MAPE and MAE compared with the other models. The study further revealed 'information' as very important to capital market development. It was therefore recommended that the operators of the Nigerian stock market should relaxed the bottle necks and stringent laws on stock practices so that more people will be attracted to take part. The operators of the stock market should raise the level of awareness so that investors will keep abreast with new innovations and what is happening in the market.

Keywords: Arima, Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, Box- Jenkins, Modelling, Shares, Stock Market

The kinetics of Ni and V adsorption from crude oilbyNH4Cl-modified primitive clay () was studied at 25oC and pH 4.8.The percentage removal of both metals was found to increase with increase in both adsorbent dosage and contact time. The data generated fitted the Lagergren's pseudo second-orderkinetics model more than the Lagergren's pseudo first-order model. The adsorption process was found to be intra-particle diffusion-controlled, adopting the Weber and Morris model mainly within the first 720 min of the process. However, beyond 720 min of the Ni and V adsorption process onto , surface adsorption mechanism prevailed. NH4Cl-modified primitive clay is therefore competitive among low cost sorbents that can be used for Ni and V sequesteration from crude oil.
Keywords: NH4Cl-modified Primitive clay, adsorption, pseudo second order kinetics, intra-particle diffusion.

Web mining is one of the fastest growing technology. Experts believe that it will aid business houses in making better decisions. However, even after an extensive research in this field, there is an uncertainty regarding the usage of this term and it is often confused with Data mining. In this paper, we will be focussing on shedding light on such doubts and pointing out the similarities and differences between the two synonymously used words "Data Mining" and "Web Mining". We'll be addressing the sundry categories of Web Mining and its pros and cons. We'll also compare the latest tools available in the market which perform Web mining. Finally we'll delineate a strategy, for beginners, to develop a web mining tool which will help them in understanding the framework of Web mining.

KEYWORDS: Data mining, Web Content Mining, Web mining, Web Structure Mining, Web Usage Mining.

This study was carried out to determine the distribution of uro-pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern from female patients attending Muhammad Abdullahi Wase Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria, with suspected urinary tract infection. Between July to October, 2012 mid-stream urine samples from 200 patients suspected of urinary tract infection were collected for routine culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing and were processed using standard laboratory methods. Out of the 200 samples, 39% (78) were positives while 61% (122) were negatives. Gram negative bacteria were the predominant isolates. Among them Escherichia coli was the most frequent isolate (33.3%), then Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.9%), Proteus mirabilis(21.7%), Klebsiella species (8.97%), and Proteus vulgaris (8.97%).The infections caused by Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were more prevalent in adult females especially at the age ≥18.The antimicrobial susceptibility test shows, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxicin and tarivid to be effective in the treatment of urinary tract infection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis but were resistant to augmentin. Proper awareness on personal hygiene, routine sample culture and antibiotic sensitivity profiling would play a significant role in reducing the incidence of urinary tract infection.

Keywords: Incidence, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, urinary tract, uro-pathogen.

Technology now a day's occupying an important role in the recent trend of the modern world, usage of technology has been increased, every people wants the thing to be happen in a quick manner. The banks have understood the importance of the time of their valuable customer and implemented the Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) which enables the customer to access the bank's monetary transaction in a quick manner. This facility have not implemented by the POSTAL DEPARMENT. Now only they have implemented the ATM SERVICE OF POSTAL DEPARTMENT in this paper we are going to discuss the implementation of ATM service of Postal department in an elaborate manner
Keywords: ATM. Customer Satisfaction, Problems in ATM Services

This study investigates the impact of anthropogenic activities on groundwater quality; this was achieved by determining the concentration of potential anthropogenic contaminant indicator parameters such as nitrate, chloride, phosphate, and sulphate in the groundwater samples of the study area. A total of 30groundwater samples,15 each from the northern and southern partsof Maiduguri where obtained across a period of 2 months. Results ofthe groundwater analysesshowed that nitrate (NO3-) has mean concentration of 13.7mg/l in the northern part (site A), and 15.53 mg/l in the southern part (site B).Chloride (Cl-)has a mean concentration of 10.62 and 13.33 mg/l respectively in sites A and B. Sulphate (SO4-) has mean concentration of 3.52 mg/l in site A and 1.46 mg/l in site B. Lastly,phosphate (PO4-) has mean concentration of 1.39 and 1.52 mg/l in sites A and B respectively. The Mean concentrations were tested for their significant difference (p <0.05) across the boreholes of the two sites.Water quality results indicate that the impact of anthropogenic activities in the study area is low to moderate currently. The outcome of this paper will be useful in planning for sustainable groundwater management strategy.

KEYWORDS: KEYWORDS: anthropogenic activities, contamination, groundwater, Maiduguri

Healthcare system using android OS with the help of medical expert system provides advantages to patients, enabling them to access medicinal information and support systems, irrespective of their current location and time. This paper describes a tool with which we can improve the quality of treatment for patients using mobile application. Our application, iCare, runs on several Android based devices with 3G and Wi-Fi capabilities. This application is cost effective for patients since the patient need not be present physically. This application framework provides support for terminal, application mobility and enables easier implementation. This application accepts the symptoms from the patients, processes the data, identifies the particular disease and hence provides appropriate medication using medical expert system by pattern matching techniques. The data collected from the device is evaluated using expert system which estimates the probability of severity of the disease. More the application is used by patient, the better will expert system in identify various patterns of diseases which increase the accuracy of iCare.