volume 2 ~ issue 10

The knowledge of stakeholders role is important to determine the recommendations of flood management. So that the purpose of this study is to analyze the role of each stakeholder in flood management at Ponorogo, Indonesia. The stakeholders include Government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), academics, and the local community. This research used the descriptive qualitative method by using survey method. The data were collected trough observations, interviews, questionnaires, and documentations. The coordinator in flood management is Regional Disaster Management Agency. The jobs of Regional Disaster Management Agency are to coordinate all of the stakeholders in each step of flood management, which consists of pre disaster, disaster and post disaster. Pre disaster is a step of flood management which consists of flood mitigation and early warning system. In the disaster phase, the stakeholders collaborate in emergency responses and will be coordinated by Regional Disaster Management Agency. Whereas in the post disaster phase, the Regional Disaster Management Agency will coordinate the related stakeholders to rehabilitate and reconstruct the damage of existing infrastructure.
Keywords: Stakeholders, Flood Management, Ponogoro, Indonesia

Micro-structures in rock grains usually associated with sandstones occur commonly in the Bima Formation exposed in Hinna town of Deba Local Government Area of Gombe State. The lineations, dips and strikes of the micro structures were measured using a compass clinometer. A rose diagram was plotted that gave a resultant of S68E – N68W. Snapshots of the geologic structures were taken to show tectonic activities in the area. The deformation bands observed in the field appeared as a series of light colored strands with slip surfaces that seem to be more resistant to weathering than the host rock in which they appear. Eight (8) samples were collected at various strategic points within the area. Thin section studies with petrographic microscope, showed a dominance of quartz and feldspar grains cemented with iron oxide. The quartz grains appeared to be faulted which further proves that there is an abundance of micro-structures that would have a large influence on the mechanical behavior; i.e. strength, deformation, differential settlement, etc of soil and rock masses in that area
Keywords: Deformation Bands, Petrographic, Thin Section, and Fault.

This paper presents the of clocked oscillations using CCCII and generating amplitude shift keying and frequency shift keying with minimum voltage less than ±1.5V
Keywords: Clocked CCCII Oscillator, ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying), FSK ( Frequency Shift Keying)

This work investigates the dynamic effect of different sizes of power generating sets (Gen-set) popularly used in domestic and public dwellings in the country by way of analyzing and ascertaining the nature and magnitude of the dynamic force imposed on reinforced concrete plates by these power generating sets. From experimental observation and data obtained, it is shown that these are rotating or reciprocating machines as they rotate about a fixed axis hence are governed by the equation of rotational motion which yields a moment of force and turning (dynamic) force computed mathematically depending on the noise level on the Gen-set. A ratio of the turning force to the weight of the Gen-set is obtained mathematically establishing that it requires about 30 percent of the weight of a Gen-set to cause it to rotate. Furthermore a factor for safety of 2.0 is obtained to make up for the extra dynamic effects of the Gen-set on the plate statically. This amounts to a new design load (1.4Gk + 1.6Qk +2.0Qk) incorporating dynamic effects of the Gen-set which yields results within 1 percent to 4 percent increase in area of reinforcement required of the conventional design load (1.4Gk + 1.6Qk) for suspended plate which does not include any dynamic effects.
Keywords: design load, dynamic force Gen- Set, reciprocating machine, suspended floors

Feature subset selection is an effective way for reducing dimensionality, removing irrelevant data, increasing learning accuracy and improving results comprehensibility. This process improved by cluster based FAST Algorithm and Fuzzy Logic. FAST Algorithm can be used to Identify and removing the irrelevant data set. This algorithm process implements using two different steps that is graph theoretic clustering methods and representative feature cluster is selected. Feature subset selection research has focused on searching for relevant features. The proposed fuzzy logic has focused on minimized redundant data set and improves the feature subset accuracy.
Keywords:

The disposal of saw dust and rice husk has always been by incineration or open air burning, this has hazardous effect on the air and environment at large. They can be recycled for use in construction industry without producing any harm to human and environment. Research has shown that they can be used as a binder replacement.This paper highlights the optimal material that can be added to concrete for optimum strength. Sawdust and Rice husk mixed with bone powder was added to replace cement in relative percentage of 5, 10, 15 and 20%.The result shows that rice husk and sawdust are alternative binder that can replace cement to some extent but there is reduction in strength as well. 18 concrete cubes were casted using mix ratio 1:2:4, the control experiment without sawdust or rice husk has strength of 8.9N/mm2. With 5% Rice husk ash, the strength dropped to 7.6 N/mm2, but using 5% saw dust, the strength dropped to 7.71 N/mm2. Further addition of both materials to give 15% addition produced strength of 6.2 N/mm2 and 4.4 N/mm2 for rice husk and saw dust respectively. Both materials can be added to produce a lightweight structure but the amount replacement for saw dust must not exceed 10% while rice husk must not exceed 15% in order to produce safe and durable structure.
Keywords: Binder, Concrete, Sawdust, RiceHusk

Genetic modifications offer a variety of potential benefits and risks. It has enhanced food production by making plants less vulnerable to drought, frost, insects, and viruses and by enabling plants to compete more effectively against weeds for soil nutrients. In a few cases, it has also improved the quality and nutrition of foods by altering their composition. However, the use of biotechnology has also raised concerns about its potential risks to the environment and consumers. Genetic engineering provides a means to introduce genes into plants via mechanisms that are different in some respects from classical breeding. A number of commercialized, genetically engineered (GE) varieties, most notably tomato, cotton, maize and soybean, were created using this technology, and at present the traits introduced are herbicide pest tolerance. Gene technology enables the increase of production in plants, as well as the rise of resistance to pests, viruses, frost, etc. Gene transfer is used to modify the physical and chemical composition and nutritional value of food. Gene transfer in animals will play a part in boundless possibilities of improving qualitative and quantitative traits. The yield, carcass composition and meat characteristics the use of nutritive substances and resistance to diseases can be improved. On the other hand, negative effects of gene technology on animals, human, and environment should be considered.
Keywords: Genetic engineering, genetically modified foods, health hazard.

This paper presents a factor analysis on management, non-employee and Union views of workplace communication in Building and Construction Industry. The purpose is to identify and recommend a common workplace communication approach where all social parties can work toward a common goal. The study identifiedthat the communication power base in terms of a hierarchy of allocated authority, with one of the social parties controlling all activities at all levels. Mail questionnaires were selected as means of data collection and responses were analyzed using (SPSS)package. Overall results of the analysis regarding employees' perceptions of workplace communication were 72.5%,Union 91.2% and management 60.9%of total variance obtained from all social parties. The role of workplace communication practice amongst the social parties in the industry was identified. Significantly the application of Factor analysis hasprovided a clear understanding of what is involved in the process of industrial relations communication and its impact.
Keywords: Management, Employee, Union,Communication and Reliability

The anonymization tactics, such as generalization along with bucketization, are actually designed regarding privacy conserving microdata creating. Recent work shows that generalization loses quite a bit of information, especially regarding high dimensional data. Bucketization, on the other hand, does not really prevent member's program disclosure and does not apply regarding data that will not have a distinct separation between quasi-identifying characteristics and hypersensitive attributes. In this paper, all of us present any novel technique called Slicing, which partitions the information both flat in a trench and vertically. We show that slicing preserves superior data power than generalization and can be used for member's program disclosure security. Another important good thing about slicing is that it can manage high-dimensional data. An extension may be the notion of overlapping chopping, which duplicates a feature in more than one columns. This particular releases a lot more attribute correlations. Here we provide the overview of the vertical partitioning of the dataset ,Highly correlated attributes are grouped as columns that will not reveals the individuals information. frequent occurrence of the attribute values has no identification risks. To do this we have to used the one of the data mining algorithm “Apriori “
Keywords: Publishing, Privacy, Data Security.

The study tried to find out whether inappropriate workspace anthropometry as a stressor affects students’ effective workshop practice. The study used 185 NCE Technical students in 300 Level which consisted of 73 and 112 students from Federal Colleges of Education (Technical), Asaba and Omoku, South-South Nigeria during the 2008/2009 academic session; and no sample was taken. The instrument for data collection was the questionnaire. The reliability of the instrument was 0.87. Data was analyzed with Arithmetic Mean and Standard Deviation; and Z-test at 0.05 level of significance. From the findings, it was the opinion of the students that, inappropriate workspace anthropometry as a stressor led to backache and spinal pains due to arm-reach constraints; shoulder and neck pains due to height constraints; and foot and toe pains due to foot constraints and consequently students’ effective workshop practice was affected in terms of lower production quantity and quality; less job satisfaction; and reduced accuracy and speed of job accomplishment; and there was no significant difference in the opinion of the students from Federal College of Education (Technical) Asaba and Omoku on the extent to which inappropriate workspace anthropometry as a stressor affected their effective workshop practice. The recommendation was reduction of the negative effects of inappropriate workspace anthropometry in the school workshop that affected students’ effective practice.
Keywords: Inappropriate, workspace, practice, stressor, stress, constraint, accomplishment, task

Kaolin has been identified as a very important group of clay mineral, which is copiously utilized as an industrial mineral commodity. The various physical attributes of kaolin mineral have made it useful in various ways industrially and these include paints, ceramics, rubber, paper, petroleum and glass industries. Kaolin is often used in soap production as a filler, which facilitates the structure and riser attribute of the soap. In this research, nine samples were collected from three different companies in Aba (South-Eastern Nigeria). The samples were analyzed to determine their suitability for soap production. Their physical properties such as particle size, moisture content, shrinkage, grit and viscosity were evaluated. The results show that all samples were fine and ranges from well-graded to uniformly-graded kaolin samples, with low moisture content (0.5% to 1.9%), low shrinkage (4.3% to 11.4%), low grit (0.4% to 3%) and high efflux time (37 secs to 58 secs).
Keywords: kaolin; particle size; moisture content; shrinkage; grit; efflux time

Use of CO2 cores have certain advantages over other processes but their application for mass production of cores for complicated castings is limited mostly due to poor collapsibility and seasonal effects. CO2 cores show property changes due to humidity and high temperature during rainy and summer seasons respectively.This paper describes various parameters responsible for seasonal effects and remedial measures to control them by varying molar ratio of Na2SiO3 moisture percentage, gassing time, manufacturing techniques from season to season. The above measures have shown remarkable results and minimized seasonal adverse effects in CO2 core properties to a marked extent.
Keywords: collapsibility, cores, flowability, friability,

Emergence of modern techniques for scientific data collection has resulted in large scale accumulation of data pertaining to diverse fields. Conventional database querying methods are inadequate to extract useful information from huge data banks. Cluster analysis is one of the major data analysis methods and the k-means clustering algorithm is widely used for many practical applications. But the original k-means algorithm is computationally expensive and the quality of the resulting clusters heavily depends on the selection of initial centroids. Several methods have been proposed in the literature for improving the performance of the k-means clustering algorithm. This paper proposes a method for making the algorithm more effective and efficient; so as to get better clustering with reduced complexity.
Keywords: Data Analysis, Clustering, k-means Algorithm, Enhanced k-means Algorithm

Technological advancement and increased awareness on the importance of information technology have caused enormous generation of electronic wastes throughout the world. This has been prominent particularly in developing countries where the importation of used electronic gadgets is on the increase in recent times without proper methods of recycling. These wastes contain toxic metals such as cadmium, arsenic, antimony, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, beryllium and brominated flame retardants which pose threats to health and environment. The effects of these recalcitrant metals on the brain, kidney, respiratory tracts and skin of adults and children are of major concern .While plants and microorganisms are employed in controlling the menace of electronic wastes, governments should promulgate laws, create public awareness, privatize wastes management and import proper waste recycling technologies into developing countries where electronic wastes are enormous. Electronic companies also have to minimize hazardous wastes by making portable products that use minimum amounts of these toxic metals or completely use their alternatives which are of less toxic nature than these heavy metals and retardants.
Keywords: electronic waste, phytoremediation, toxic metals, recycling, microbial remediation

This paper emphasizes the effect of Sugar and Jaggery on strength properties of concrete. The experimentation has been carried out for evaluating the strength properties of concrete using Sugar and Jaggery as admixtures into the concrete composition. Based on the literature, the main function of usage of Sugar and Jaggery is to extend the initial setting time of concrete. Usually these type of admixtures used in the special cases like large piers and long piles. Three different percentages of admixtures (Sugar and Jaggery) are chosen in the experimentation as 0, 0.05 and 0.1% by weight of cement. Finally it was concluded that workability and compressive strength of concrete enhanced when admixtures like Sugar and Jaggery added into the concrete composition
Keywords: Admixtures, Compressive strength, Jaggery, Sugar and Workability

With the emergence on the deep Internet, searching Internet databases throughout domains including vehicles, real estate property, etc. has changed into a routine job. One on the problems in this context can be ranking the results of a new user dilemma. Earlier techniques for addressing this challenge have used frequencies regarding database valuations, query records, and end user profiles. A standard twine throughout a large number of techniques can be that ranking is finished inside a user- and/or query-independent manner. This particular document offers a new fresh query- and user-dependent strategy with regard to ranking dilemma leads to Internet data source. Most of existing and new ranking model, determined supporting thoughts regarding end user and dilemma similarity, for you to gain a new ranking perform for the offered end user dilemma. This particular perform can be bought from the sparse workload composed of regarding a number of this kind of ranking features made with regard to various user-query frames. The particular model will depend on the particular intuition that equivalent end users screen equivalent ranking inclinations over the outcomes of equivalent requests
Keywords: Ranking, Web Database, Query and User Similarity

Nowadays it is becoming very critical to find the relevant information in online information system. Recommended systems are introduced to deal with the problem of decision making from large amount of information. Recommended systems are used widely in e-commerce applications, as in Amazon and Netflix, and in social networking sites like Face book etc. There are a lot of techniques for making recommendations. In this paper we have focused on techniques to improve aggregate diversity while maintaining accuracy to improve the recommendations by taking movie databases. The diversity increases with the recommended techniques employing various real-world data sets.

World-wide-web services as well as applications have become an inextricable component of daily living, enabling communication as well as the management of sensitive information from wherever. To allow for this boost in application and info complexity, web solutions have moved to your multi-tiered design and style wherein the web server runs the application form front-end logic and info are outsourced to your database or even file server. In this particular paper, we present an IDS system that product the behavior associated with user across the front-end web server as well as the back-end repository. By keeping track of both World Wide Web and pursuing database asks for, we can ferret out attacks in which independent IDS would not be capable of identify. On top of that, we quantify the restrictions of virtually any multitier IDS regarding training consultations and features coverage.
Keywords: Intrusion Detection, Web Applications

The vast proliferation in the number and type of mobile and wireless Network devices along with their widespread use has been the emerging trend that dominated next-generation mobile and wireless Network. Such an environment raises an unprecedented demand for the dynamic, lightweight management of the multitude of mobile and wireless devices, to ease the complexity of their administration and optimise the overall system performance. Focusing on the overall network management aspects, a key issue is the efficient management of the system resources, spanning from the physical layer, to the protocol stacks and up to the application and services layer. To this end, the notions of configurability and autonomic networking provide a solution to this problem, fostering the introduction of intelligence in mobile, wireless devices and network nodes .This article investigates this challenge, by addressing the dynamic planning, organizing, implementation and control towards the management of wireless network as well as its nodes Wireless Networks (WNs) have become an emerging new research area in the distributed and Heterogeneous computing environment. It plays an important role in the pervasive computing to support a wide range of applications of our daily life in future. More specifically, such wireless network proposes a new monitoring and control model for applications to operate as environmental monitoring, public safety, medical, transportation and military. Most of those applications share similar features such as difficult to access because of geographical locations where the network has been deployed, the large scale of deployment, high mobility, and prone to failure. Accordingly, the traditional network maintenance and management approaches become impractical under such very dynamic conditions. Furthermore, network management becomes extremely important and vital in order to keep the whole network and application work properly. Until now, there still doesn't emerge a considerable network management solution for WN. Most of existing research addresses one or several application-specific problems in WNs, instead of considering from network management aspects. These paper overviews several related on-going research approaches, and provides discussion and provision of some design issues and requirements for building efficient management architecture for WN.

Different diseases and bioagressor are affecting the crops, due to which the plants cannot survive for a long duration. Mainly the bioagressor which is been frequently seen on the leaves of the plant is the whitefly. Our main aim is to count the number of whitefly on the leaves. Different techniques are used such as poission's minimum error thresholding, learning, layer labelling, to count the number of pest on the leaves. The automatic counting of pests on the leaf helps in deciding the amount of pesticides to be sprayed on the leaf. This system is useful not only to count the number of pest on its mature stage but also it can count the number of stages at its middle stage and starting stage. We have compared our result with the manual method and its has been seen that automatic counting gives the greater accuracy.
Keywords: whitefly, Digital image, Image segmentation, leaf, Thresholding technique

Internet fraud is a growing problem in many countries of the world today including Nigeria. There are many criminals who will try to rob you off your hard earned money by using the internet to access your financial information. E-payment using Credit card remains prevalent among other E-payment systems. It affects the cardholder, issuing bank and merchant. Credit card fraud is something that can never be completely eliminated, but rather something that must be managed. Nigeria with its vision 202020 will likely grow with credit card fraud, hence the need to be prepared to fight them today and when it will become the order of the day. Many developed countries like UK, US and many others have lost a lot at this. This paper proposes an authentication mechanism that will help in reducing internet fraud especially via credit cards (Master card and Visa card) to barest minimum. This paper also discusses the effect of credit card fraud on cardholder, issuing bank and merchants.
Keywords: Acquiring bank, Authentication mechanism, Cardholder, Issuing bank, Merchant.

Uterine fibroids are benign growths in the uterus, for which there are several possible treatment options. Patients and physicians generally approach the decision process based on a combination of the patient's degree of discomfort, patient preferences, and physician practice patterns. A Physician's decision-making skills are directly related to the patient's positive outcomes. Therefore, a wealth of medical knowledge and clinical experience are key assets for a physician to have. The goal here is to use historical clinical data and relationships processed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to aid physicians in their decision making process. The System provides a large number of medical support functions to help clinician choose the best treatment measures. This paper presents case based approach to fibroid treatment decision. Both inductive indexing and nearest neighbor technique are involved in case retrieval phase. In this paper, Local similarity measure is applied to find the similarity between features while global similarity measure is applied to find the most similar case
Keywords: Global similarity, Inductive indexing, Nearest neighbor, Uterine Fibroid, Uterus

This study investigates the spatio-temporal land cover changes within 6 km of Lake Bosomtwe catchment in Ghana. In this study, Landsat images acquired on February 1, 2008 and January 13, 2013 were used. Ground Control Points (GCPs) were taken with a handheld Juno SB GPS receiver at strategic locations to verify land cover types. Unsupervised and Supervised (hybridized) classifications were performed to generate land cover maps of the study area. Three land cover classes were distinguished. They were water, vegetated and non-vegetated areas. The vegetation cover map of 2008 and 2013 obtained from the hybridized classification were then analyzed to determine the change in land cover over the period. In addition, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was applied to identify areas of vegetation and non-vegetation cover. The study revealed decrease in vegetation cover of the study area. For example, between 2008 and 2013 vegetation cover decreased by 4.65 km2. The research therefore recommends that management intensifies the Lake Bosomtwe reforestation project
Keywords: Lake Bosomtwe, NDVI, Vegetation, spatio-temporal, land cover, Ghana

Technological advancement and increased awareness on the importance of information technology have caused enormous generation of electronic wastes throughout the world. This has been prominent particularly in developing countries where the importation of used electronic gadgets is on the increase in recent times without proper methods of recycling. These wastes contain toxic metals such as cadmium, arsenic, antimony, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, beryllium and brominated flame retardants which pose threats to health and environment. The effects of these recalcitrant metals on the brain, kidney, respiratory tracts and skin of adults and children are of major concern .While plants and microorganisms are employed in controlling the menace of electronic wastes, governments should promulgate laws, create public awareness, privatize wastes management and import proper waste recycling technologies into developing countries where electronic wastes are enormous. Electronic companies also have to minimize hazardous wastes by making portable products that use minimum amounts of these toxic metals or completely use their alternatives which are of less toxic nature than these heavy metals and retardants.
Keywords: change detection, land use/land cover, Landsat, remote sensing, Sekondi-Takoradi

Towards providing an alternative source of air-supply for charcoal furnaces, instilling ergonomics in charcoal foundries and increasing the productivity of small foundry enterprises, an engine-driven blower has been designed, developed and tested. Pro-Engineer software was used in geometric modeling, analysis and assembling of the parts. The impeller-shaft subassembly was converted to an equivalent shaft of equal mass and predetermined diameter. Design analysis yielded the torque and power requirement of the impeller-shaft assembly which were used to select GX-160 Engine. Cost of the blower can be reduced by lowering the frame height and attaching the impeller to the engine shaft. Also, the design methodology can be used in designing blowers for other applications.
Keywords: Foundry, Engine-driven blower, Charcoal fired furnaces, Ergonomics, Productivity

This paper presents the current trend in the impacts of Information Technology (IT) in the cashless economy in Nigeria and gives an insight into how quality banking has been enhanced through Information Technology (IT). The paper further reveals that the deployment of Information Technology (IT) facilities in the Nigerian banking industry has brought about fundamental changes in the content and quality of banking business in the country. This analysis and clarification of how Nigerian Banks have used Information Technology (IT) to reengineer their operations is detailed through research and observation. Three categories of variables that relate to the use and implementation of information technology devices were considered in this paper. These include the nature and degree of adoption of innovative technologies; degree of utilization of the identified technologies; and the impact of the adoption of Information Technologydevices on the cashless economy in the banking sector.
Keywords: Cashless Economy, Central Bank of Nigeria and Information Technology

In the present paper, we formulate the Hepatic Blood Flow in Liver, Keeping in view the nature of hepatic circulatory system in human body, the viscosity increases in the arterioles due to formation of rolex along axis by red blood cells, as we no the arterioles are remote form heart and proximate to the Liver. P.N. Pandey and V.Upadhyay have considered the blood flow of two phase, one of which is that of red blood cells and other is Plasma. They have also applied the Herschel Bulkley non-Newtonian Model in Bio- fluid mechanical set-up. We have collected a clinical data in case of Liver Abscess for Hematocrit v/s Blood Pressure. The graphical presentation for particular parametric value is much closer to the clinical observation. The over all presentation is in tensorial form an solution technique adapted is analytical as well as numerical. The role of Hematocrit is explicit in the determination of blood pressure in case of hepatic disease liver abscess.

In this paper, the variational iteration method was used to obtained numerical solution of Michaelis- Menten nonlinear biochemical reaction system. The correctional function for the system of equations were obtained and consequently the solution was obtained iteratively. Results obtained were compared with that of differential transform method (DTM) and were found to be in agreement.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects' of problem-solving instructional strategy and students' numerical ability on learning outcomes in chemistry. A pre-test post-test control group quasi experimental design was adopted for the study. Data were collected from a sample of 210 SS2 Chemistry Students made up of 109 males and 101 females selected from six schools in three (3) Local Government Areas of Ekiti State, Nigeria based on multi-stage random sampling techniques. The Seven Step Chemistry Problem-Solving Model as suggested by Frazer (1981) and Selvarantnam (1983) was adopted for the study. The experiment was carried out on four (4) groups of Students. Students' in experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 were exposed to treatment (problem-solving approach) while the control group was taught using the conventional lecture method. The Numerical Ability Test (NAT) was administered on each of the four groups. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyse the data with the pre-test scores as covariates. The findings revealed that problem-solving instructional strategy as well as students' numerical ability improves performance in chemistry. Also, male and female students' of high and low ability levels do not differ in performance in chemistry at group levels. Based on findings, it was recommended that teachers should take note of the numerical ability levels of students' for effective lesson delivery in the teaching-learning situation.
Keywords: Problem-Solving, Numerical Ability, Learning Outcomes

In this paper, the method of Total least squares is presented for the set of statistical data points which are under interval uncertainty and, Hansen-Bliek-Rohn method, was applied to solve the resulting interval linear system with guaranteed inclusion bounds as demonstrated by numerical example. It is suggested that Hansen-Bliek- Rohn method always provide results which takes into account all round off errors which are as good as worst case error bounds with less computational efforts where theoretical floating point result fails. Keywords: total least squares, Hansen-Bliek-Rohn method, circular interval arithmetic, worst case error bounds, floating point arithmetic MSC (2000): 65G20, 65G30, 65G40, 65 F20

This paper presents nonlinear dynamic analysis of elastic robot arms using assumed mode method. Elastic manipulators exhibit many advantages over rigid ones and their dynamic analysis has attracted a great deal of interests recently. In the presented work, the assumed mode method is employed and the dynamic equations of flexible manipulators are derived. The total dynamic motion of the system is modeled as a rigid motion and a flexible displacement. Then the link flexibility represented by a truncated finite model series, in terms of spatial mode eigen functions and time-varying mode amplitudes. Hence the eigen function are relevant to boundary conditions of the system, some different boundary conditions are presented. Then, the total displacement of the elastic arm in reference coordinate system is developed and the Lagrange principle is employed to derive the nonlinear dynamic motion of the elastic robot arm. Finally, the nonlinear dynamic equations of a single-link flexible manipulator are presented using the Assumed mode method.
Keywords: elastic robot, nonlinear dynamic, assumed mode method, modal eigen function

The fuzzy logic method is used in many applications such as control strategy of robot manipulators. In fact, the application of the concepts of fuzzy set theory in structural control has recently attracted increasing interest. This paper is dealt with an introduction of the fuzzy sets, and its application for tracking control of a single-link robot
Keywords: Fuzzy Logic method, Single-link robot, Tracking control

Twenty aggregate samples of sediments were randomly collected from five sites across the length and breadth of the Kaduna River stretching over tens of kilometer within the Kaduna metropolis. Samples were analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and results obtained showed considerate high levels Pb (20.94-48.43); Mn (7.42-57.09); Cd (0-58.59); Ni (24.58-575.60) and Co (0-29.98) mg/Kg, of some of the trace metals in industrial and farming areas as compared to other parts of the water body. This is particularly relevant due to the fact the river Kaduna is main source of drinking water to communities within the state and a major source of fish to Kaduna metropolis as well as neighboring town. Its water is used for irrigation farming which produces most of the vegetables served in the state. Concentrations of trace elements in sediments are important due to recent interest in contamination potential and toxic effect of these elements on humans and the environment. This study took preliminary assessment of the level and distribution of these five trace metals, namely Cu, Mn, Co, Cd and Ni. It is hoped that this will help enrich the baseline data for the area under study.
Keywords: AAS, Trace Metals, River Kaduna, Contamination, Concentration