volume 1 ~ issue 2

This article presents the regulation of the voltage of a synchronous generator using a neural network called "Neocognitron". A system of test machine bus-infinite is used, where the synchronous generator is connected to an infinite bus through external impedance. The methodology is described used for the neural control, the obtained results of this control type are presented and they are compared with results obtained with a conventional control of the type ST1. It is shown that the neural control has a better answer in the time and bigger robustness before big perturbations.
Keywords: Cell, Conventional Control ST1, Neocognitron, Neural Control, Synchronous Generator.

The identification of weak nodes and participation factors in branches have been analyzed with different technical of analysis as: sensitivities, modal and of the singular minimum value, leaving of the Jacobian matrix of load flows. In this work shows up the application of metric projections for the identification of weak nodes and of the branches with more participation.
Keywords: Euclidean distance, Jacobian matrix, metric projections, metric spaces, state estimation.

For many deaf people, sign language is the principle means of communication. Normal people around such cases end up facing problems while communicating. This system prototype that is able to automatically recognize sign language to help normal people to communicate more effectively with speech impaired people. This system recognizes the hand signs with the help of specially designed gloves. These recognized gestures are translated into a voice signal in real time. Thus this system reduces the communication gap between normal and the speech impaired people.
Keywords: Electrolyte; InGaN; Photo-electrochemical etching; Porosity.

This paper presents the study of the stability of a system electrical power using a Mamdani type fuzzy control. A system of test machine bus-infinite is used, where the synchronous generator is connected to an infinite bus through external impedance. Describes the methodology used for fuzzy control. The results of this type of control are presented and compared with results obtained with conventional control type ST1.
Keywords: Conventional Control ST1, Fuzzy Control, Fuzzy Control type Mamdani, Fuzzy Logic, Stability.

The identification of various species using DNA barcode sequences has been proved to be the most reliable method so far. DNA barcodes allows the identification of species from even a small processed material. In plants the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal cistron (18S-5.8S-26S) sequencing is the most commonly used sequence analysis for the species level identification. We therefore used this ITS region sequencing tool for the identification of medicinal plants.
Keywords: DNA barcodes, medicinal plants, ITS region, ribosomal cistron.

The isolation of genomic DNA from various plant samples is the crucial and most important initial step. Isolation of genomic DNA is very difficult especially from those plant materials that produce a large amount of secondary metabolites. Many times even if genomic DNA gets isolated, either the concentration is very low or further downstream processes does not work due to the presence of impurities (either in the form of complex reagents used during isolation or the alkaloids, proteins, carbohydrates and other secondary metabolites) those have not been removed completely during isolation. Hence, a simple and rapid method to get a good quality and quantity of genomic DNA from the medicinal plants is needed.Various genomic DNA isolation methods like Dellaporta et al (1983), CTAB ( Murray and Thompson, 1980), HiPurA plant genomic DNA isolation and purification miniprep spin kit and Khanuja et al ( 1999 ) methods were tried and Khanuja et al (1999) method is found to be the well suited to most of the medicinal plants, however DNA isolation was not achieved in a satisfied way from the following medicinal plants such as Azadirachta indica A.Juss.( Meliaceae), Ricinus communis L.( Euphorbiaceae), Butea monosperma(Lam.)Taub. Var. Monosperma, Vigna radiata(L.), Desmodium gangeticum (L.)DC (Fabaceae), Xanthium indicum Koen. (Asteraceae), and Cucumis melo L Var. magrestis (Cucurbitaceae). The present paper deals with extraction and isolation of pure genomic DNA samples from these medicinal plants by modification of Khanuja et al (1999) method and further downstream processes like PCR amplification.
Keywords: Genomic DNA isolation, medicinal plants, secondary metabolites, PCR amplification, restriction digestion assay, RAPD analysis.

In this paper, we have devoted our attention to the development of a block cipher, which involves a key matrix and a key bunch matrix. Here, we have used a funct ion called Permute() for causing permutation of the binary bits of the plaintext, in each round of the iteration process. Here, the diffusion arising on account of the keys and the confusion caused by the permutation, both play a prominent role in strength ening the cipher. The cryptanalysis carried out in this investigation strongly indicates the strength of the cipher.
Keywords: avalanche effect, cryptanalysis, decryption, encryption, key bunch matrix, key matrix, permutation.

In this paper we propose a curve to determine the cost of reactive power generation; this cost consists of a fixed cost and a variable cost. The fixed cost is set with a recovery factor of annual capital invested in the generator. The variable cost is calculated depending on operating conditions of the generator. It's proposed to determine this variable cost from a  variable, which is a function of active and reactive power generated, considering the capability curve. The simulations are performed in 30-node IEEE test system.
Keywords: Capability curve, generation costs, fixed and variable costs, reactive power.

In wireless network can classified in two ways one is infrastructure network and another is infrastructure less. Infrastructure less wireless network is known as Ad-hoc network. Instead of relying on a base station to coordinate the flow of messages to each node in the network, the individual network nodes forward packets to and from each other. In computer networking, an ad-hoc networks all nodes are mobile and can be connected dynamically in an arbitrary manner. All nodes of these networks behave as routers and take part in discovery and maintenance of routes to other nodes in the network. In this paper, the three routing protocols are studied i.e. DSR, ZRP, DSDV.
Keywords: Mobile ad hoc network, DSR, ZRP and DSDV.

This work mainly focuses on automatic landing control methods for the jumbo jet. The six degree-of-freedom nonlinear model of Boeing707 has been established, using classical control method, gliding beam guidance law, lateral beam guidance law, autoflare guidance law and lateral deviation control law have been designed respectively, at the same time, the control flame of automatic landing system has been presented. Through designing inertial delay desalination device, smooth mode conversion has been achieved. Three-dimensional simulation of the whole automatic landing control process indicetes, the designed control system can meet the requirements of performance index, and achieve accurate attitude and trajectory control, so it can guarantee safety and comfort of automatic landing process.
Keywords: Beam Riding, Auto-flare, Mode Conversion, Classical Control, Three-dimensional Simulation.

This study examined the knowledge and practice of contraceptives among potential women in south west, Nigeria. The quantitative data used for this study were obtained from the 2008 Nigeria Demographic Health Survey (NDHS). The survey collected information from a nationally representative sample of about 33,385 women age (15-49) of which 6790 women of reproductive age were sampled and interviewed in southwest Nigeria. Also, the qualitative information used was carried out in Ife/Ijesa senatorial district at which the in-depth interview was carried out in Ile-Ife to buttress the quantitative strength of this study. The findings revealed that more than 4 in every 10 respondents have intention of using the contraception in the future, while more than 3 in every 10 respondents do not intend to use it in the future. Also majority of the respondents have knowledge about the side effect of contraception. It was observed that respondent's source of knowledge of any family planning method have a direct relationship with the contraceptive usage among women of reproductive ages in south west, Nigeria.
Keywords: Contraception; family planning; knowledge; pregnancy; reproductive age; practice.

Energy is integral to virtually every aspect of life. It is hard to imagine life without it. Yet many of our most serious threats to clean air, clean water and healthy eco systems stem from human energy use. Currently, most energy is produced from coal, oil, natural gas and uranium. These energy sources pollute our air and water, damage the earth's climate, destroy fragile eco-system and endanger human health. A large amount of energy we generate is wasted, raising energy costs and harming the environment. We can meet our energy needs while protecting human wealth, our climate and other natural systems. The solution is a rapid transition to energy efficiency and use of clean, renewable energy such as the sun, hydro and wind. Renewable energy sources are abundant and inexhaustible. They do not use fuel, so fuel costs and price fluctuations are not an issue. This paper highlights the House hold power generation using small hydro power projects in India with its own resources and also through private investment.
Keywords: 1.Small scale Hydro power- 2.Renewable Energy-3.Potential Energy(P.E) -4.Rain Water-5.Kinetic Energy(K.E)

We analyze the effect of depth and location of minima of a double-well potential on vibrational resonance in a linearly damped quintic oscillator driven by both low-frequency force f sint and high-frequency force f sint with   . The response consists of a slow motion with frequency ω and a fast motion with frequency  . We obtain an analytical expression for the response amplitude Q at the low-frequency ω. From the analytical expression Q , we determine the values of ω and g (denoted as VR and VR g ) at which vibrational resonance occurs. The depth and the location of the minima of the potential well have distinct effect on vibrational resonance. We show that the number of resonances can be altered by varying the depth and the location of the minima of the potential wells. Also we show that the dependence of VR and VR g by varying the above two quantities. The theoretical predictions are found to be in good agreement with the numerical result.
Keywords: Vibrational resonance; Quintic oscillator; Double-well potential; Biperiodic force.

Nanocars - complex molecules measuring 3-4 nanometers long and thinner then DNA, contain four wheels attached to two axles. The nanocars would act like enzymes for industrial application. α Spectrin is an actin crosslinking and molecular scaffold protein having receptors for NF- γ and GATA-2, so the factors bind to these receptors that links the plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton giving defenite cell shape. Mutations results in a variety of hereditary red blood cell disorders. Fetal hemoglobin can't take on the dysfunctional sickle shape as there is a competition for transcription factors NF-γ and GATA-2. So If we can increase NF- γ and GATA-2, maybe both the beta and gamma genes will be activated without one suppressing the other. Nanocar molecules would be given intravenously in the form of injections as drugs having the inducer attached to it. With the help of individual and combinatorial deletions of GATA-2 and NF- γ, we can pin-point the particular transcription factors with the respective position on α Spectrin gene. These factors would assist RNA polymerase. As a result normal Hb and fetal Hb would not compete for factors together and the higher affinity of fetal Hb towards oxygen would make its expression higher. Sickle cell anaemia would then turn asymptomatic.
Keywords: Nanocars, GATA -2, NF- γ

Wireless sensor networks are collections of large number of sensor nodes. The sensor nodes are featured with limited energy, computation and transmission power. Each node in the network coordinates with every other node in forwarding their packets to reach the destination. Since these nodes operate in a physically insecure environment; they are vulnerable to different types of attacks such as selective forwarding and sybil. These attacks can inject malicious packets by compromising the node. Geographical routing protocols of wireless sensor networks have been developed without considering the security aspects against these attacks. In this paper, a more efficient routing protocol named enhanced greedy perimeter stateless routing protocol (E-GPSR) is proposed for mobile sensor networks by incorporating the concept of "observation time‟ to the existing trust based secured greedy perimeter stateless routing protocol (S-GPSR). Simulation results proves that "Enhanced greedy Perimeter stateless Routing‟ outperforms the S-GPSR by reducing the over head and improving the delivery ratio of the network.
Keywords: Wireless sensor network, GPSR protocol, secured GPSR, Enhanced GPSR, compromised nodes, Sybil attack, selective forwarding attack.

In order to evaluate the adaptability of hydroxyethane diphosphonic acid (HEDPA) as an environmentally benign alternative rust removal agent, the present investigation was undertaken. The effectiveness of HEDPA was studied as a function of acid concentration in the range 2-20 vol. % and at different temperatures in the temperature range 23oC -55°C. The results suggest that the acid HEDPA is very effective to remove the rust and the rate of rust removal depends upon the acid concentration and/or the solution temperature. Once an optimum value is reached, further increase in either the acid concentration and/or the solution temperature has a negative effect on the rust dissolution kinetics. In addition, it was also found that the chemical treatment with concentrated HEDPA solution (concentration range 5 -20 vol. % HEDPA) produces rust free steel samples with very rough surface topography. The chemical processing at higher temperatures (> 40oC-55oC), and higher HEDPA concentrations (> 5vol. %), produces strong pungent smell and an unpleasant cleaning environment. The most effective HEDPA concentration and temperature for the rust removal appears to be 2-4 vol. % and < 40oC respectively. The activation energy for the rust dissolution process using 2-4 vol.% HEDPA was in the range 12 +2 kcal/mole. The activation energies for rust dissolution by 5, 10 and 20 vol. % HEDPA were found to be 20, 28 and 32 +2 kcal/mole respectively. The reaction product contains a mixture of various higher order iron phosphates. The soils that were contaminated low concentration (< 0.5 wt. %) of with the reaction products improved the germination of seeds and the plants that were fed with solution containing the chemical reaction by products up to < 0.5 wt.% were healthy and increased in their size. Above 0.5 wt. %, the trends were reversed.
Keywords: Chemical Rust Removal, Reaction Kinetics, Activation Energy, Hydroxyethane Diphosphonic Acid (HEDPA)

The consumption of bottled drinking water in the area of study has widely increased of recent. Over 80% of people living in Delta State make use of bottled drinking water this is partly due to growing awareness that the consumption of unsafe or untreated drinking water is the cause of man diseases especially water borne diseases. Although, the geology of the area does not reveal exposed rocks that could be a source of harmful radionucles, the exploration and exploitation of petroleum in the area could be a potential source of contaminants and so it is important to check the radioactivity concentration present in bottled drinking water, whether it is below WHO permissible values. The activity concentration of 40K, 226Ra and its progenies 232U and physiochemical parameters: pH, Na, Mg, Ca, Cl-1, SO4-2, NO3 and CO2-2 were determined. The results obtained indicate that radioactivity concentration is actually present in bottled drinking water but of little value and it shows no significant concentration range compared to WHO maximum permissible values.
Keywords: Radioactivity, Radionuclides,Water,Concentration,Niger-Delta

The paper presents the KNX application model as the basis of the smart home automation concept implementation. The distribution details of lighting system in a villa using the KNX protocol are presented. Each luminary and switch is individually addressed allowing the entire system to be structured and to be modified via software. This effect gives the building virtual wiring that can be modified easily with little to no expense. Additionally the paper tries to evaluate the electrical energy saving lighting concept by using a relatively simple KNX system.
Keywords: Lighting, Villa, Distribution, KNX, Automation, Control, Cost.

Mentoring of students has been on in the school for more than two academic sessions without evaluation or seeking the opinion of either the students or staff on its success. Such important effort to the development of the students needs examined to assert successes for its continuation or failures for reorganization of its implementation, hence this study. Planned mentoring programs have flourished as one possible solution to the problems affecting Youths/children, despite the generally accepted belief that only positive effects can result from their implementation. The present study examines the opinion of the academic staff of the school on the effect of mentoring on students' general development in Government Comprehensive Secondary School Bwari, Abuja Nigeria. A total of sixty-six teachers completed the questionnaires asking them to indicate their opinion on how the mentoring exercise has affected the general development of the students. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by three experts in the field of Educational Psychology. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients were 0.79, 0.77 and 0.80 for cognitive development, affective development and psychomotor development respectively. Percentage analyses show that majority of the teachers; agree that the schools' mentoring program has made positive impact on the general development of students. The chi-square analyses indicate no significant difference between male and female teachers' opinion on cognitive development, affective development and psychomotor development of the students. Proponents of mentoring programs hypothesize that mentoring programs could be part of the answer to the problems of children, therefore, it is recommended that teachers should go extra mile in doing all they can towards the overall development the students and mentors should strive for impeachable character for the success of the mentoring exercise as they train the future Nigerians we hope to trust.. Let us put in our best!
Keywords: opinion, impact, mentoring, cognitive development, affective development, psychomotor development.

This paper will focus on theoretical analysis of Gamma Factor in (1+1) external trapping potentials which are usually used in experimental that lead to produced Bose-Einstein condensation BEC in ultra cold gases. Two mixed types of trapping potentials are used in this analysis. The first one is a harmonic oscillator potential (HOP) assume to be applied normal to the propagation axis, and the second is a double well potential DWP assume to be applied Parallel to the propagation axis. The cases of slowly and rapidly varying in gamma factor for HOP are considered. Although these analyses give us the overall view of the region of confinement that the external trapping potentials have employed but also shows that the gamma factor in the mathematical formula of HOP play a major part in term of values and shape of the trapping external potential of confinement region.
Keywords: Laser cooled atom, BEC atom, Trapping, Atom laser, Condensation

Hydro geological investigation was employed in the study using schlumberger electrode spacing configuration, with varying electrode separation to determine the Lithologic units, geological Formation and depths to water table of Lafia sub basin in the lower Benue River Valley. The hydro geological investigation carried out revealed the predominance of sandstone of different sizes and colours down to the depth of 220 feet in the area. After exploration and during the exploitation, the borehole cuttings show that Aquiferous Lafia sandstone has argillites dominating the studied Area, below the thin arenecous beds. It was also discovered that the upper Aquifer of Lafia sandstone includes, the top sand of the Awqu Geological Formation which comprises of grey bedded shales with occasional sandstone beds and limestone in the studied area. The investigation has provided the hydro geophysical characteristic of the Aquifers of Lafia sub-basin formation within the lower Benue river Basin. This study will directly serve as a useful guide in prospecting for groundwater resources in the area.
Keywords: Aquifer, Lithology, Hydro Geological Survey, Drilling, Lafia Sub Basin Formation

This paper establishes a dynamic model of grid-connected PV system by Matlab/Simulink with d-and q-axis as coordinates which is synchronously rotating with the grid voltage to reflect the characteristics of the system accurately. Based on the accurate modeling system, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and fault analysis are studied. Grid-connected PV system includes a PV array, a control system, a distribution network and a load. The control system of grid-connected PV system has two effective control strategies. First one is the current control strategy can regulate the current at the point of common coupling to achieve power factor control and regulate the dc link voltage. Second one is the voltage control strategy is used for PV output voltage to achieve closed-loop control which can smoothly and quickly track the maximum power point of PV array. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) can effectively improve the solar energy conversion efficiency of PV systems. In this paper, Perturb-and-observe (P&O) method is used to achieve this function. Finally fault analysis is carried by creating a LLLG fault in the distribution network and observes the ac voltage, ac current and ac power waveforms at the grid with and without a LLLG fault.
Keywords: grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system, maximum power point tracking, voltage source inverter, and LLLG fault etc…

In order to understand the effect of lift force on the adhesion and bonding strength of airplane wing –fuselage interface, this investigation was undertaken. Two airplanes with same wing cross section were designed using a computer aided design program. The wings, although had the same area of cross section, the wing of one plane is solid where as the second plane had a hollow wing with 0.003 m thick skin. In addition, the plane with solid wings were attached at right angle to the fuselage while the wings that were hollow inside, were attached to the airplane at angle of about 75o. Both the airplanes were produced using Accura SI 40 epoxy resin. The airplane performance characteristics (viz. the lift and drag) were measured in a subsonic wind tunnel as a function of the air speed and the angle of attack. The air speeds were in the range 65 – 215 kmph and the angle of attack was in the range 0 – 15 o (both in ascending and descending positions).The results suggest that the plane with wings at 75o has better performance characteristics. The plane with hollow wings failed at 215 kmph speed, and the wings tore apart due to lift force generated by the wings at an ascending angle of 12.5 o. The plane with solid wings on the other hand survived the maximum speed of 215 kmph and the angle of attack. The calculations based on fracture mechanics indicated that the dynamic pressure produced by the airplane with its hollow wing configuration at 215 kmph has generated stresses (at the wing-fuselage interface) that are greater than the fracture stress of Accura SI 40 epoxy resin (79 MPa). The second plane with solid wings survived because the stresses generated by the lift forces at the interface are far below that of the fracture strength of Accura SI 40 epoxy resin.
Keywords: Model airplane, lift and drag, hallow and solid wings, epoxy resin, dynamic pressure, fracture strength of resin

Assam is full of natural resources and agricultural state. Above 80% of people depends on agriculture but last 40 years Assam faces huge river erosion problems, which has destroyed a lots of agricultural production and other fruits and house land of the people. Barpeta and Mandia dev. Block of Assam is mostly affected areas by river erosion. River erosion means current of river or wave of water of the river broken the banks of the rivers which accumulates huge mud and siltation in river bed and holding capacity of water decline in the river and creates flood and erosion Assam. It has to importance to study, because river erosion leads to huge socio-economic losses and have been great impact on eroded villages. This study includes causes of river erosion and impact of erosion, finding of the study also recommendation and measures and conclusion is that government should take immediate steps against river erosion, otherwise state has faces socio-economic crisis due to river erosion.

Production high fired kiln insulating bricks was carried out using local clays from Edda, unwana, kaoli in Ebonyi state and various soft wood dust was employed too. It was observed that the bricks, through the analysis of the results, the total shrinkage % percentage of each batch is: Batch 1: 43.5%, Batch 2: 19.5%, Batch 3:39.2%, Batch 4: 33.9% and Batch 5: 31.3%. From all indications batch 3 is the best recipe for lightweight insulating bricks, it is made up of mixture Edda clay and saw dust. Batch 2 which has total shrinkage percentage of 19.5% was fired to 1250oC, but batch 3, 1040oC, indicating a good material for insulating bricks.
Keywords: Clay, Insulating Bricks, Kaolin and Sawdust

Now a day's investors invest money in financial products. Financial operations are not local but wide-ranging to all the countries in the world. Stock Market is the market for security where organized issuance and trading of Stocks take place either through trading or over the counter in electronic or physical form. In stock markets, many guiding principle such as price limits are made to get involved between the financial operations so that a volatility of stock prices is more uncertain than one without disturbance. Investment in the financial market is one of the best ways to obtain high rewards, but it is also a great risk among many investments. The financial market is considered as a high complex and dynamic system. So the price prediction is one of the most important issues to be investigated by researchers. The objective of the proposed paper is to do study, improvement in the machine learning approaches to predict the financial products. For financial market prediction different approaches like Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning Techniques and various data mining techniques are used.
Keywords: Data Mining, Genetic Algorithms, Neural Network, Prediction, Volatility.

In this paper we give a fixed point theorem on fuzzy metric space with a new implicit relation. Our results extend and generalize the result of Mishra and Chaudhary [10]

Carbon dioxide is the chief greenhouse gas that results from human activities and causes global warming and climatic change. The burning of the organic materials in fossil fuels produces energy and releases carbon dioxide and other compounds into the earth's atmosphere. Greenhouse gases can be emitted through transport, land clearance, production and consumption of food, fuels, manufactured goods, materials, wood, roads, buildings and services etc. A carbon footprint is the measure of the amount of greenhouse gases, measured in units of carbon dioxide, produced by human activities. A carbon footprint can be measured of an individual or an organization, and is typically given in tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year. This paper deals with the study on emission of carbon dioxide from various emission inventories in an educational institution. The study has been undertaken in the college campus in order to evaluate the amount of carbon dioxide produced and to suggest the remedial measures for the reduction of emissions as a part of social commitment.

This paper investigation is concerned with the first-order homogeneous chemical reaction and thermal radiation on hydromagnetic free convection heat and mass transfer for a micropolar fluid past a semi-infinite vertical moving porous plate in the presence of thermal diffusion and heat generation. The fluid is considered to be a gray, absorbing-emitting but non-scattering medium, and the Rosseland approximation is used to describe the radiative heat flux in the energy equation. The plate moves with constant velocity in the direction of fluid flow while the free stream velocity is assumed to follow the exponentially increasing small perturbation law. A uniform magnetic field acts perpendicular to the porous surface, which absorbs the fluid with a suction velocity varying with time. Numerical results of velocity profiles of micropolar fluids are compared with the corresponding flow problems for a Newtonian fluid. The dimensionless governing equations for this investigation are solved analytically using two-term harmonic and non-harmonic functions. The effects of various parameters on the velocity, microrotation, temperature and concentration fields as well as the skin-friction coefficient, Nusselt number and the Sherwood number are presented graphically and in tabulated forms.
Keywords: Thermal radiation; MHD; Micropolar; Heat generation; Chemical reaction.

Face recognition applications are continuously gaining demands because of their requirements person authentication, access control and surveillance systems. The researchers are continuously working for making the system more accurate and faster in the part of that research this paper presents a face recognition system which uses DWT, DCT interleaved component for feature vector formation & tested the Support Vector Machine and ANN for classification. Finally the proposed technique is implemented and comprehensively analyzes to test its efficiency we also compared these two classification method.
Keywords: Face Recognition, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN).

The present study attempts to examine the effect of sentimental brightness on teacher efficient at senior secondary level of education. The study was conducted on senior secondary school teachers. From the analysis of the result, it was found that there is a positive effect of sentimental brightness on teacher efficient (as overall and in all the dimensions) at the senior secondary school level. The teacher efficient of various dimensions on differential between high and low sentimental brightness teachers are also found positively different.
Keywords: teacher efficient, sentimental brightness, TERSB

Engine lubricant plays a significant role in reducing internal friction between the piston and shear of moving mechanical parts to further improve the engine performance and efficiency. Rapid developments of engine oil monitoring systems has taken place to determine the engine lubricant degradation level in reducing unnecessary engine power loss and maintenance cost. This paper critically reviews the invention and an innovation pertaining to the subject before a smart innovation is developed in near future.
Keywords: Automotive, engine lubricant, engine oil degradation warning system

This paper presents a model that is design for extended reliability growth model .The results are compared in view of information content and numerical efficiency for the comparative study a simple GnRH antagonists versus GnRH agonists is used , for which reference results are available . Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues are used during stimulation of ovulation in order to prevent cycle cancellation secondary to a premature luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. The two main categories of analogues are agonists and antagonists. Both are frequently used in assisted reproduction programs. This evaluated the efficacy and safety of GnRH antagonists compared to the more widely used protocol of GnRH agonists (long protocol). The data showed that GnRH antagonist use leads to similar pregnancy outcomes but an approach that requires further evaluation
Keywords: GnRH antagonist, GnRH agonist ,Extended reliability growth model AMS Classification 62N05

Fault prediction will give one more chance to the development team to retest the modules or files for which the defectiveness probability is high. By spending more time on the defective modules and no time on the non-defective ones, the resources of the project would be utilized better and as a result, the maintenance phase of the project will be easier for both the customers and the project owners. Software fault prediction decreases the total cost of the project and increases the overall project success rate. The perfect prediction of where faults are likely to occur in code can help direct test effort, reduce costs and improve the quality of software. This Paper shows specific methods of fault prediction for software safety that directly address the root causes of software Faults and improve the quality of software.
Keywords: Clustering, Hyper-Quad Tree, K-Means clustering, Quad Tree, Software Fault Prediction.

Data mining can be used to model crime detection problems. Crimes are a social nuisance and cost oursociety dearly in several ways. Any research that can help in solving crimes faster will pay for itself. About10% of the criminals commit about 50% of the crimes. Data mining technology to design proactive services to reduce crime incidences in the police stations jurisdiction. Crime investigation has very significant role of police system in any country. Almost all police stations use the system to store and retrieve the crimes and criminal data and subsequent reporting. It become useful for getting the criminal information but it does not help for the purpose of designing an action to prevent the crime. It has become a major challenge for police system to detect and prevent crimes and criminals. There haven‟t any kind of information is available before happening of such criminal acts and it result into increasing crime rate. Detecting crime from data analysis can be difficult because daily activities of criminal generate large amounts of data and stem from various formats. In addition, the quality of data analysis depends greatly on background knowledge of analyst, this paper proposes a guideline to overcome the problem.
Keywords: Analyze, crime, decision, investigation, link, report,

This Study is based upon the empirical study which means it is derived from experiment and observation rather than theory. Main Objective is to Study the Effect on the Hardness of three Sample Grades of Tool Steel i.e. EN-31, EN-8, and D3 after Heat Treatment Processes Such As Annealing, Normalizing, and Hardening & Tempering. This survey also helps to find out the place of the work to be carried out i.e. availability of set up, techniques used for such, estimated time & cost requires for such study to be carried out for such industrial survey to be carried out we designed a Survey questioner and selects various places who offers heat treatment services Ludhiana based. After literature review and industrial survey aims to prepare heat treatment performance Index HTPI 2012 which is supposed to be very effective tool for defining the objective function. After selection of material & heat treatment processes further aims to perform mechanical & chemical analysis i.e. composition testing of the three tool steel EN-31, EN-8, and D3 before treatment. After composition testing aims to do heat treatment processes i.e. Annealing, Normalizing, and Hardening & Tempering to be carried on such material & after treatment aims to perform harness testing on the treated and untreated work samples.
Keywords: Annealing, Hardening & Tempering, Heat Treatment, Normalizing, Tool Steels

Recent years have seen an explosive growth of various online communities. The processes by which communities come together, attract new members, and develop over time is a central research issue in the social sciences—political movements, professional organizations, and religious denominations all provide fundamental examples of such communities. In the digital domain, on-line groups are becoming increasingly prominent due to the growth of community and social networking sites such as MySpace, Twitter. However, the challenge of collecting and analyzing large-scale time resolved data on social groups and communities has left most basic questions about the evolution of such groups largely unresolved: what are the structural features that influence whether individuals will join communities, which communities will grow rapidly, and how do the overlaps among pairs of communities change over time? So considering these, in this paper we present a framework for modeling and detecting community evolution in social networks. This framework allows tracking of events related to communities as well as events related to individual nodes. These events can be considered as building blocks for pattern detection in networks with evolving communities. This framework can be formalized by applying it to a real dataset consisting of emails.
Keywords: Event based Framework, Group formation, Network Evolution, SNA (Social Network Analysis).

In order to understand the effect of winglets on the lift and drag of an airplane; and to determine the critical angle of lift and drag this investigation was undertaken. Three airplanes with same plane length to wing span were produced using Accura SI 40 epoxy resin. Two of the airplane models were fitted with winglets at the end of their wings at an angle of 30 and 60 degrees to the wing plane. The airplane performance characteristics (viz. the lift and drag) were measured in a wind tunnel as a function of the air speed, the angle of attack and the angle of the winglet. The air speeds were in the range 60 – 215 kmph and the angle of attack was in the range 0 – 15 o (both in ascending and descending positions).The results suggest that the lift and drag force increased with an increase in the airplane speed. The results also suggest that except the plane with winglet attached at an angle of 60o, all other planes with winglets have had better performance characteristics. The critical angle of attack for maximum lift and minimum drag for the plane without any winglets was about 7.5o and 4.5o respectively. The critical angle of attack for lift and drag has increased from 7.5 to 10.5o with an increase in the winglet angle to the wing plane from 0 to 30o. However, further increase in the winglet angle above 30o to 60o, had decreased the critical angle of lift and drag from 10.5 to 8.5o.

This paper presents a new multi-document summarization system using manifold ranking and mutual reinforcement approach. Manifold-ranking has been recently subjugated for query-based summarization. It propagates the relevance from query to the document sentences by making use of both the relationships among the sentences and the relationships between the given query and the sentences. Set of document covers a number of topic themes. In this a model is proposed to enhance manifold-ranking based relevance propagation via mutual reinforcement between sentences and clusters. The proposed model uses two new sentence ranking algorithms, namely the reinforcement after relevance propagation algorithm and the reinforcement during relevance propagation algorithm.
Keywords: Multi-document summarization, manifold ranking, mutual reinforcement, sentence ranking.

A farmer field school is a school without walls. A group of farmers gets together in one of their own fields to learn about their crops and things that affect the system of working. They learn how to farm better by observing, analyzing and trying out new ideas on their own fields. Farmer Field School Approach (FFS) is based on the concepts and principles of people centered learning, and were the answers for themselves. That means the farmers can develop solutions to their own problems and developed as an alternative to the conventional top-down test and verification of the old extension approaches. The present study was conducted at Sanwer Block in Indore district M.P. India. Sanwer block with 120 respondents. The majority of respondents had low level of adoption in respect of wheat production technology followed by medium and high level of adoption of wheat production technology on their field respectively. Keywords: Farmer Field School, Wheat Production Technology, Adoption of Production Technology.

In this paper, we obtained that the connected graph Pk  2C4 is graceful. And also an expression for the java programming of gracefull ness of pk...

Many of the survey report about vehicle accident say that, accidents are happening due to driver's drowsiness and over speed. Drunk and driving is another factor for accidents. If these mistakes are corrected accidents can be reduced, not hundred percent but up to the satisfied level. If accidents occurred, immediate first aid and treatment is necessary to save life. So once accident happened informing it immediately to nearby hospital and ambulance service is very important. But if there is no neighbor the case may be severe. Keeping all these in mind a new idea is proposed which can perform the necessary steps to prevent accident. It can prevent the accidents and incase if accident happened system will inform the owner and ambulance about this accident. The alcohol sensor available in the proposed system alerts the owner such that "Drunk and Driving" and it will not allow engine to start. In case alcohol consumption is sensed at the time of driving, engine will slowly OFF after giving pre-warning sound. Steering wheel grip sensor is used to detect driver's drowsiness and alert the diver not to sleep. Finally when accidents occurred, the system will automatically send a text message to ambulance service via GSM network. The system also records the parameters like speed and engine temperature in permanent storage during the time of accident. It helps to identify the reason for accidents. Temperature sensor is used to detect the engine temperature and LCD screen displays the system's status. MEMS accelerometer is used to detect the accident, and during this accident speed is recorded in permanent memory for later reference.
Keywords: MEMS, Steering wheel grip Sensors.GSM..

Mobile models like Nokia, Sony-Ericsson, Motorola uses Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) inside the mobile to operate in GSM and 3G band. Inorder to overcome the limitation of narrow bandwidth in conventional PIFA, slots are introduced in the radiating patch of PIFA. MIMO PIFA is designed to operate in different operating frequency bands like Digital Cellular System (DCS) band and Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) band. U slots are introduced in both PIFAs to operate in multiband for both 3G and 4G applications. Efficiency of dual slotted antenna can be improved by reducing the mutual coupling using techniques such as electromagnetic band gap (EBG), dielectric wall, defected ground plane (DGP) and parallel slot.
Keywords: PIFA, slot, mutual coupling, dielectric wall, EBG, DGP, parallel slot, 3G, 4G.

Usually cell phones operate in different bands which require multiple antennas to be designed for different applications. Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) is popular for portable wireless devices because of its low profile, small size and simple structure. Narrow Bandwidth still remained as a problem even after using PIFA. But by using fractal PIFA antennas multiple bands have been achieved with a single antenna without significant increase in space. Also octagonal shape and slotted structures in the circular patch helps in increasing bandwidth. In this paper Octagonal Fractal slotted Circular PIFA has been proposed and designed using FEKO. The results show that the proposed antenna can be used for integrating telecommunication services such as GSM, 3G, HiperLAN, UMTS and WLAN in mobile phones with good efficiency and gain.
Keywords: Bandwidth, Fractal antenna, Mobile Phones, Octagonal antennas, Planar Inverted Fractal Antenna (PIFA).

The emergence of peer to peer (P2P) file sharing has led millions of users to search their desired data's easily. Napster and Gnutella are the two major applications in the P2P network. P2P network stands among one of the best and popular network tool. Sharing of contents by the user through internet has become easier through this. Bloom Cast is an efficient technique used for full-text retrieval scheme in unstructured P2P networks. By using the fullest of a hybrid P2P protocol, Bloom Cast makes copies of the contents in the network uniformly at a random across the P2P networks in order to achieve a guaranteed recall at a communication cost of the network. Bloom Cast model works only when the two constraints are met: 1) the query replicas and document replicas are randomly and uniformly distributed across the P2P network; and 2) every peer knows N, the size of the network. To support random node sampling and network size estimation, Bloom Cast mixes a lightweight DHT into an unstructured P2P network. Further to reduce the replication cost, Bloom Cast utilizes Bloom Filters to encode the entire document. Bloom Cast hybridizes a lightweight DHT with an unstructured P2P overlay to support random node sampling and network size estimation. Since P2P networks are self-configuring networks with minimal or no central control, P2P networks are more vulnerable to malwares, malicious code, viruses, etc., than the traditional client-server networks, due to their lack of structure and unmanaged nature. All peers in a P2P network is identified by its identity certificates (aka identity). The identity here is attached to the repudiation of a given peer. Self-certification helps us to generate the identity certificate, thus here all the peers maintain their own and hence trusted certificate authority which issues the identity certificate to the peer.
Keywords: aka identity, Bloom Cast, Bloom Filters, Self-Certification, Self-Configuring Networks, Unstructured P2P network

Expert group for modernization of Indian Railways have highlighted the need for Rs.1000 crores investment in renewable energy projects through Private Public Participation initiative in their report submitted to the Ministry during Feb 2012. An additional Rs.1000 crores is to be invested in energy saving projects along with another Rs.1000 crores in captive power generation, in view of increase in power demand. This clearly indicates the ample scope for adopting renewable energy technologies and energy conservation in Indian Railways in the days to come. Using renewable energy assumes significance due to dwindling fossil fuels and the environmental advantages associated with the renewable. Considering the above facts a study was undertaken at two coach repair workshops of Indian Railways to find out the consumption of various forms of energy and the areas which can use renewable energy technologies. The study finds out that Indian Railway Workshops have taken the lead to implement renewable energy technologies in various forms viz solar photovoltaic's for illumination, solar thermal units for hot water requirements and is planning to set up offsite wind power plants to harness wind energy and meet the electrical energy requirements of workshops. Except for inductive loads solar technologies has been successfully implemented, operated and maintained. All out efforts under the direction of Railway Board, RDSO and Zonal headquarters are underway and shall improve the share of renewable in years to come.
Keywords: Carriage Repair Workshops, Indian Railways, Renewable Energy Technologies, Energy consumption, Energy Conservation