volume 4 ~ issue 5

In this review article, the uses of organic polymers to make photovoltaic cells have been discussed. The focus is mainly on discussing organic polymer based photovoltaic (OPVs) solar cells, the development of new device technologies and donor polymers that are being researched on. The recent development in this field has led to improved OPV performances with power conversion efficiencies as phenomenal as 9%. However for commercial application of this kind of OPVs, an improved device structure and cost effective processing methods are required. This article reports the polymer design criteria, energy level matching, nano-morphing of polymer/acceptor blend films and local dipole moments of the polymer chains that have been developed in the research that took place over the past 4 years. We emphasize the importance of developing new methods for designing polymers with improved physical properties and development of new technologies to fully understand the fundamentals of OPV mechanisms, which will help improve the power conversion efficiency of the OPV..

KEY WORDS: Power Conversion Efficiency, Bulk-heterojuntion, Hybrid Solar Cells, Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′] Dithiophene, Fused Dithienogermolodithiophene, Selenium-substituted

Biometric passport (e-passport) is to prevent the illegitimate entry of traveler into a particular country and border the use of counterfeit documents by more accurate identification of an individual. The electronic passport, as it is sometimes called, represents a bold proposal in the procedure of two new technologies: cryptography authentication protocols and biometrics (face, fingerprints, palm prints and iris).The goal of the adoption of the electronic passport is not only to accelerate processing at border crossings, but also to increase safety measures. Adaptive fingerprint enhancement method is used to enhance the fingerprint image. The term adaptive implies that parameters of the method are automatically adjusted based on the input fingerprint image. The adaptive fingerprint enhancement method comprises five processing blocks. 1) Pre-processing; 2) global analysis; 3) local analysis; and 4) matched filtering; 4) Image segmentation. In the pre-processing and local analysis blocks, a nonlinear dynamic range adjustment method, SMQT is used. These processing blocks yield an improved and new adaptive fingerprint image processing method. . For assuring security cryptography can be used with enhancement technique for encrypting the enhanced image so as to provide additional protection against fake. For this an image encryption approach using stream ciphers based on non linear filter generator along with AES encryption is used here. In this work a novel image encryption scheme using stream cipher algorithm based on nonlinear filter generator is considered. In this work a novel image encryption scheme is proposed based on stream cipher algorithm using pseudorandom generator with filtering function. This algorithm makes it possible to cipher and decipher images by guaranteeing a maximum security. The proposed cryptosystem is based on the use the linear feedback shift register (LFSR) with large secret key filtered by resilient function whose resiliency order, algebraic degree and nonlinearity attain Siegenthaler's and Sarkar, al.'s bounds. This scheme is simple and highly efficient.

KEYWORDS : SMQT, Cryptosystem, Image encryption, key Stream, Nonlinear Filter Generator, Stream Cipher, PSNR, SME.

Now days in power transmission systems mainly the high voltage three phase AC or HVDC transmission lines for greater efficiency at very long distances are used. In this paper, we have to show the scheme of AC and DC power transmission system which can be developed by converting double circuit ac line into composite AC and DC power transmission line and also comparing simulation results with the simple EHVAC transmission system and HVDC transmission system having six pulses PWM generator. The main object of thesis is to show that by superimposing DC in AC transmission, the capacity of the transmission line can be increased by nearly 70 % of that if only AC is transmitted. In our existing transmission system, long extra high voltage (EHV) AC lines cannot be loaded to their thermal limits in order to keep sufficient margin against transient instability. With the scheme proposed in this project, it is possible to load these lines close to their thermal limits. The conductors are allowed to carry usual ac along with dc superimposed on it, without altering the original line conductors, tower structures, and insulator strings has been presented.

KEYWORDS : AC and DC power transmission, flexible AC transmission system (FACTS), MATLAB simulation, six pulses PWM generator, Simultaneous AC-DC transmission.

In most organizations, information circulation within offices poses a problem because clerical officers and office messengers usually dispatch letters and memos from one office to another manually. Sequel to this circulation procedure, implementation of decisions is always difficult and slow. On one hand, clerical officers sometimes divulge confidential information during the process of receiving and sending of mails and other documents. On the other hand, money is wasted on the purchase of paper for printing. However, it is cheerful to learn that technology has made it possible for staff, structures and infrastructures to control and share organization resources; hardware; software and knowledge by means of modern electronic communication. One cannot deny the fact that the flow of information is very imperative in every organization as it determines the effectiveness of decision-making and implementation. This feat can be achieved using Object-Oriented System Analysis and Design Methodology (OSADM). This is structurally analyzed with Use Case Diagram (UCD), Class Diagram, Sequence Diagram, State Transition Diagram, and Activity Diagram. Moreover, the system is coded with Java 1.6 version, in a client-server network running on star topology in LAN environment. This is the concept of this paper. The system is designed to work in two parts – the control part that is installed on the server; and the messenger part that is installed in the clients. This research work integrates the utility and organization resources into a shared center for all users to have access to; and for free communication during office hours

KEYWORDS : LAN; Client; Server; Java; Clerical officer.

Project Risk management is an integral part for business survival. This research paper focuses on determining project risk factors using genetic algorithm and fuzzy logic base on the demerits of conventional approaches. Genetic algorithm help optimise the parameters data items while fuzzy logic handle imprecisions. Unified Modelling Language was utilized for modelling the software system, depicting clearly the interaction between various components and the dynamic aspect of the system. This paper demonstrates the practical application of metric based soft computing techniques in the health sector in determining patient's satisfaction.

KEYWORDS : CRM, Genetic Algorithm, Fuzzy Logic

This paper highlights the performance and combustion of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine operated on blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil. An additive Diethyl ether (DEE) has been added in three different proportions to B20 blended fuel to study the effect of additive on the performance and combustion of the diesel engine. Our results conclude that the break thermal efficiencies of the diesel engine show an increasing trend with both blended fuels and additive mixed blended fuels, slightly higher than the case of pure diesel fuel.

KEYWORDS : Biodiesel, Brake Thermal Efficiency, Ignition delay, Maximum cylinder pressure, Specific Fuel Consumption,

Fuzzy logic can be a powerful tool for managers to use instead of traditional mathematical models when evaluating the performance of supply chains. The flexibility of the model allows the decision maker to introduce vagueness, uncertainty, and subjectivity into the evaluation system. In this paper we survey an alternative method of the performance evaluation system as opposed to the traditional quantitative methods. Performance evaluations represent a critically important decision that often involves subjective information. Models and heuristic techniques that focus on the use of different types of information are available; however, with few exceptions, the models are not robust enough to be applied in a practical, managerially useful manner. Fuzzy logic models provide a reasonable solution to these common decision situations. After extensive exploration of the literature, we recommend an outcome of exploring Fuzzy logic approach in evaluating qualitative aspects of performance of supply chain management. In this paper we survey fuzzy logic as a robust and easy understanding method to evaluate qualitative aspects of performance of supply chains.

KEYWORDS : Supply Chain, Performance Measurement, qualitative measures and fuzzy logic

The effect of sand and other BS&W invading the wellbore of an oil well has been studied using Garon field in the Niger Delta region. Garon field has unconsolidated formation and it has been producing for more than 10 years. This study is carried out to quantify the safety and economic effect of sand invasion on well productivity and not on the techniques in numerical models for the prediction of sand production. It tries to look out the sand evolution, analysis of previous well test done and a survey of sand identification, results of some wells production data and evaluation of the effect of sand invasion on subsurface and surface production facilities. In this study, Well X17 was routed into a test separator for 3days and immediately tested for 72hours. The test separator man way opened in other to ascertain the quantity of sand produced from the well for 72Hrs to validate the result obtained with Clampon DSC. Also presented are the effects of sand invasion on surface facility, choke, screen and tubing.

KEYWORDS : Well productivity, sand invasion, Wellbore, Unconsolidated formation, test separator, surface facilities, choke, screen and tubing.

In the process of drilling wells or carrying out treatment operations on the wells, the characteristics of the reservoir around the vicinity of the well changes due to the invasion of fluid when compared to zones further away in the reservoir. During the stimulation exercise, there is an increased tendency of emulsion formation with the acid concentration and in reality, most crude oils contain natural chemicals which frequently act to stabilize emulsions formed with acid or with spent acid and this severely hinders production due to the high viscosities inherent with emulsions and also, some crude oils chemically react with hydrochloric acid to form solid or semi-solid particles called asphaltene sludge. This can restrict or completely plug the flow channels in the producing formation thereby reducing the effectiveness of the acid treatment and also due to its insoluble in most treating solutions. In this study, pressure transient analysis was performed on well J8 and K35 of an oil field in the Niger Delta to determine the extent of formation damage around the wellbore, a pre and post evaluation on the stimulation job to ascertain the efficacy of the stimulation job is also presented. Result show that it is very important to determine the type of skin on each well, this well help in knowing the type of solution to the problem in order to increase the well's productivity because a well whose skin is due to completion, partial penetration or slanting of well does not require stimulation and if the field's operators go ahead to stimulate, they will only end up in wasting time and money without achieving any result because these skin cannot be removed by stimulation.

KEYWORDS : formation damage, stimulation, fluid invasion, wellbore, drilling, emulsion, sludge, skin, productivity, permeability and stimulation candidate selection.

The paper introduces the TSEWG model which can be used to guide students how to solve mathematics exercises in the classroom with the help of the dynamic software GeoGebra. From field test of the model, we found that two remarkable utilities of TSEWG were: (1) to help students predict the answer of an exercise; (2) to help students discover strategies for solving the exercise. Therefore, teaching mathematics with TSEWG can improve the quality of mathematics education in secondary schools.

KEYWORDS :ICT, mathematics education, SPWG model, teaching with GeoGebra, TSEWG model

To improve the accuracy of learning result, in practice multiple parties may collaborate through conducting joint Backpropagation neural network learning on the union of their respective data sets. During this process no party wants to disclose her/his data to others. Existing schemes supporting this kind of collaborative learning are either limited in the way of data partition or just consider two parties. There lacks a solution that allows two or more parties, each with an arbitrarily portioned data set, to collaboratively conduct the learning. this paper solves this open problem by utilizing the power of cloud computing. In our proposed scheme, each party encrypts his/her private data locally and uploads the ciphertexts into the cloud. The cloud then executes most of the operations pertaining to the learning algorithms over ciphertexts without knowing the original private data. To support flexible operations over ciphertexts, we adopt and tailor the BGN 'doubly homomorphic' encryption algorithm for the multi-party setting..

KEYWORDS :Backpropagation algorithm, Ciphertext, Cloud computing, Doubly homomorphic encryption, Neural networks.

Effective teaching for quality science education can only be achieved through "learning by doing" (practical) in well-equipped laboratory. However, ill-equipped science laboratories have reached an alarming level thereby making learning by doing impossible. This paper takes a look at the concept and skills or techniques of improvising biology teaching equipment (instructional materials) in Agricultural science as a viable alternative and a panacea to ill-equipped laboratories in post-basic education in Nigeria. The paper concludes that ill-equipped laboratories is one of the myriad of problems currently facing the teaching and learning of Biology and Agricultural science in Nigerian Senior Secondary Schools that needs urgent attention from all stakeholders in science education as government alone cannot solve the problem.

KEYWORDS :Improvisation: An Alternative Approach To solving the problem of ill-equipped Science laboratories

With the increase in population and less power to provide; it has become an utmost priority to provide solution to these problems without hindering the environment .this research paper concentrates on altering the existing rapid transit system also known as metro. The results of this transportation system will produce electricity and clean water without changing the existing system of rapid transit system

KEYWORDS :rapid transit, electricity, cleans water

To improve the accuracy of learning result, in practice multiple parties may collaborate through conducting joint Backpropagation neural network learning on the union of their respective data sets. During this process no party wants to disclose her/his data to others. Existing schemes supporting this kind of collaborative learning are either limited in the way of data partition or just consider two parties. There lacks a solution that allows two or more parties, each with an arbitrarily portioned data set, to collaboratively conduct the learning. this paper solves this open problem by utilizing the power of cloud computing. In our proposed scheme, each party encrypts his/her private data locally and uploads the ciphertexts into the cloud. The cloud then executes most of the operations pertaining to the learning algorithms over ciphertexts without knowing the original private data. To support flexible operations over ciphertexts, we adopt and tailor the BGN 'doubly homomorphic' encryption algorithm for the multi-party setting..

KEYWORDS :Backpropagation algorithm, Ciphertext, Cloud computing, Doubly homomorphic encryption, Neural networks.

Adomian Decomposition Method has been applied to obtain approximate solution to a wide class of ordinary and partial differential equation problems arising from Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Engineering. In this paper, a numerical solution of delay differential Equations (DDE) based on the Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) is presented. The solutions obtained were without discretization nor linearization. Example problems were solved for demonstration.

KEYWORDS :Adomian Decomposition, Delay Differential Equations (DDE), Functional Equations , Method of Characteristic.

Water is most essential to life next to air and food. It is rather a part of life as the protoplasm of most living cells contain about 80% water and any major reduction in this percentage is highly detrimental. Over 70% of earth surface is covered with oceanic water which accounts of 97.2% of the total water resources present on the earth. Ocean water although , is not utilizable by man directly but it is useful in some of man's activities like navigation and renewable energy sources for welfare of mankind The water which is essential to human life is the fresh water and it is 2.8% of the total water resources on the planet earth. Population growth and uncontrolled urbanization have created a water crisis in India, our lakes and ponds were once a natural way of recharging groundwater, but they are being destroyed through urbanisation.Our sewage goes untreated , so the rivers are contaminated. We used to be very good at managing water in India, but we are losing that ability . As a consequence of this increased groundwater withdrawl and erratic monsoon , the groundwater levels are decling in many parts of India including Madhya Pradesh as well as in Chhattisgah region. The rapid growth of industrialization and urbanisation is the major cause of exploitation of groundwater on and average the groundwater level in Bilaspur city gone upto 30 feet down. Many places in the city, corporation people required in the summer season to down pump-motors due to down level of ground water. In the previous year, some places like Hemunagar and Chuchuhiapara, water level gone down to 30 feet and Bhartinagar, Nehrunagar, Juna Bilaspur, Sarkanda shown 10-15 feet more down of water level. It is being observed that this trend is followed year by year. The people of Bilaspur known that earlier when the Arpa river was not it in course, even though the ground water was available at 20-30 feet very easily. Due to drying of river, the underground water level of Bilaspur is going down day by day, which is appearing as major problem to the growing population. By and large the growing city like Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh district is facing the problem of underground water present day and will be faced severe crisis in next decade. But the quality of underground water as data reveals that it is still remain same as was previous decades. Of course, the water quantity required for future can be managed through surface water by managing and saving river water from the encroachment and pollution.

KEYWORDS :Protoplasm, Recharge, Urbanisation, Renewable.

The usage of internet with respect to the parameters gender, age group, education, marital status, employment status, internet service provider, mail id, communication through net, making new friends, chatting, maintaining social network websites, bill payments and educational purpose, research purposes etc. are under study. In this paper an attempt is made to analyze each of the parameter in detail using statistical tools.

This study aims to analyze and determine the influence of organizational culture on organizational commitment and employee performance as well as the influence of organizational commitment to employee performance. The approach used is causality between the variables, whereas sampling techniques using the census method with the number of respondents targeted 115 employees. All the variables measured using indicators variables, and analytical methods used are Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results showed that organizational culture has a positive and significant impact on organizational commitment and employee performance. It was also found that organizational commitment has a positive and significant impact on employee performance, and organizational commitment has a significant role as a mediating variable between organizational culture with employee performance. These findings give meaning that, to improve employee performance it is necessary to increase organizational culture and organizational commitment.

KEYWORDS :Organizational Culture, Organizational Commitment, Employees Performance.

This paper reviews the state of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the potential benefits and challenges of implementing Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technology in Nigeria as a means of mitigating the threat posed in emitting CO2. In 2010 Nigeria was ranked 44th by the International Energy Agency (IEA) for emitting about 80.51 million metric tons of CO2 annually. In this paper, the three different stages that constitute carbon capture and sequestration are discussed individually, and then the potential for their integration into a commercial scale CCS process is considered. CCS technology shows promising possibility for application in plants that emit large amounts of CO2 and also considered are some technological improvements to capture CO2 from air, as the technology can be applied for removing CO2 directly from the atmosphere and thus reducing the effect of emissions from vehicles and other moving sources. The development and deployment of CCS in Nigeria will be very significant in ensuring that we are able to meet increasing energy demand and keep the lights on whilst minimizing the environmental damage. The market for CCS in Nigeria is likely to be measured in $billions with the potential of creating over 100,000 jobs.

KEYWORDS :carbon dioxide, capture, CO2 emissions, sequestration, transportation.

A computer network plays a major part in the development of any industry. Nowadays, in this fast paced networking world each and every industry depends on internet for their progress. As said above this is the fast paced world, the attack to disable the progress are also fast paced. DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) is one among them. Though it is one of the many attacks, they temporarily disable a service provided by the company. This paper proposes a series of steps which not only checks the possible attack but also tries its best to thwart them. Instead of going for conventional approach of blocking the excess traffic, the proposed approach will prolong the access to the service. In the mean time checking for the possible attack is done. Thus, not only it thwarts the attacks but also gives them reliable user their access with a little bit of delay, resulting in high reliability.

KEYWORDS :DDoS attack, Defense mechanism, Ant based IP trace-back, IP spoofing,Chi-Square test.

As India's population continues to grow, more citizens will move to cities. Experts predict that about 25-30 people will migrate every minute to major Indian cities from rural areas in search of better livelihood and better lifestyles. It is estimated that by the year 2050, the number of people living in Indian cities will touch 843 million. To accommodate this massive urbanization, India needs to find smarter ways to manage complexities, reduce expenses, increase efficiency and improve the quality of life.

KEYWORDS :Smart city- Smart Governance Smart Energy Smart environment Smart Transportation Smart Education Smart Health Smart Building Smart IT and Communication

Underwater communication plays a significant role in the study of climate change through ocean monitoring and associated sensor networks. It is severely limited when compared to free space communication because water is essentially opaque to electromagnetic radiation except in the visible band. Even in the visible band, light penetrates only a few hundred meters in the clearest waters and much less in turbid waters due to the presence of suspended sediment or high concentrations of marine life. Consequently, acoustic techniques are been used for underwater communication systems which is relatively mature and robust. Acoustic systems are capable of long range communication. But traditional underwater acoustic communications cannot provide high enough data rates to enable monitoring technology. Optical wireless communications, centred around blue-green wavelengths, are being used as an alternative. Here a hybrid design is being introduced using an optical/acoustic link to reduce back scattering of transmitted light.

KEYWORDS :Absorption coefficient, Acoustic transmission loss, Extinction, Extinction coefficient, Optical attenuation

Mobile Nodes in some difficult areas subjected to intermittent network property and frequent partitions for e.g. battlefield. Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN) technologies are designed to specific situations wherever it will tolerate noise, attacks etc which means that nodes will get confidential information with none loss. Many application situations need a security for data that has secure access to information hold on in storage nodes at intervals a DTN or to contents of the messages routed through the network. Here, we have a tendency to use a way that allows secure access of data that is referred to as Ciphertext Policy Attributed-Based Encryption (CP-ABE) approach. There are many problems during this state of affairs. Some of those are control of policies needed for correct authentication of user and therefore the policies to retrieve the information. Therefore we have a tendency to use a promising solution i.e. Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encoding (CP-ABE) to resolve the problem of accessing information. But, by applying CP-ABE in decentralized DTNs results into many security and privacy challenges with reference to the attribute revocation, key escrow, and coordination of attributes issued from multiple authorities. Here, we have a tendency to propose a secure and efficient management of data within the decentralized Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN) wherever multiple key authorities severally manage their attributes.

KEYWORDS :Access Control, Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE), Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN), Multiauthority System, Secure Data Retrieval

The network consists of several nodes, some nodes represents malicious and selfish behavior. This gives the heavy threat for the routing in Delay Tolerant networks(DTNs). The DTNs have unique characteristic so designing a misbehavior detection scheme is very difficult. The probabilistic misbehavior detection scheme that is iTrust, is established for secure routing in DTN. The iTrust introduces a Trusted Authority (TA) for detecting the node's behavior. By collecting the routing evidences from the nodes the TA checks the node about its behavior then performs the appropriate actions for the behavior of nodes. TA gives the security of DTN routing at lower cost. The detection probability is correlated with a node's reputation, this gives the dynamic detection probability based on the trust of users. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is efficient for establishing trust with the DTNs.

KEYWORDS :Compensation (w), Delay tolerant networks (DTN),misbehavior detection scheme, punishment (C), trusted authority(TA) .

The study focuses on the enhancement of the energy available in a solar box oven, by designing and testing an automated pendulum system to efficiently track the sun's position during the course of the day; using locally available material. The pendulum mechanism is made of a support stand of mild steel rods and steel pipes, bearings fixed on the stand as fulcrum, string connecting the pendulum with the reflectors, buckets and water. The pendulum mechanism pulls on strings to move the reflectors on the solar box cooker slowly tracking the sun. A drain device is attached to one of the bucket while the other bucket is filled with water; allowing the water to drip out of the bucket while the other bucket was half filled. The tracker performance was evaluated by comparing the expected theoretical angle of tilt over the operational period with the measured angles of tilt of the reflectors during experimentation. Results obtained revealed that the maximum tilt angle deviation was 2o. No significant difference between the theoretical and experimental results was observed using the Chi-square statistical analysis method. The performance level is a good approximation to the expected results. Based on the simplicity of the developed solar tracker and the construction costs, this type of solar box cooker with tracker will address the issue of energy sustainability in the rural areas as well provide the much needed technology for the less privileged people.

KEYWORDS :solar tracker, solar box oven, rural dwellers, Chi-square method, low cost, sustainability.

Medical researchers, detection of eye disease is very important because it may causes blindness. Glaucoma is one of the diseases that cause blindness. Standard procedure for detection glaucoma is to analysis of optic disk (OD) and cup region in retinal image. In this paper, introduce an automatic OD parameterized technique which is based on segmentation and Incremental Cup segmentation. The incremental cup segmentation method is based on anatomical evidence such as vessel bends at the cup boundary, considered relevant by glaucoma experts. Bends in a vessel are robustly detected using a region of support concept, which automatically selects the right scale for analysis. A multi-stage strategy is applied to derive a reliable subset of vessel bends called r-bends followed by a local 2-D spline fitting to derive the desired cup boundary. The results are compared with existing methods using different retinal images.

KEYWORDS :Active contour, cup, cup-to-disk ratio (CDR), glaucoma, neuroretinal rim, optic disk (OD), retinal images, segmentation, vessel bend.

Recently the control of microgrid has been the focus of extensive research due to its flexibility to effectively utilize the micro-sources while ensuring reliability. The microgrid technology is one of the recent developments in the area of electric power systems that aid the use of non-conventional energy sources in parallel with the conventional energy sources. Monitoring and control of microgrid is essential for its efficient and effective functioning. The work presented in this paper is focused on the design, control and development of synchronization between non-conventional energy sources (photovoltaic panel) and conventional energy sources (battery) to satisfy the power demand of the grid by using WSN ( wireless sensor networks) technology. The objective of this paper is to propose a prototype to study the performance analysis of power monitoring between photovoltaic panel and battery by sensing parameters like generated power, availability of power reserve etc through WSN (ZigBee). The key simulation and experimental results are included to verify the proper operation and control of microgrid.

KEYWORDS :photovoltaic panel, boost converter, DC-AC converter, conventional energy source ZigBee, relay, synchronization, PWM technique, microcontroller.

Cerium substituted Nickel ferrite nanoparticles with general formula NiCeXFe2-XO4 (x=0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) have been synthesized by using sol-gel method. The crystalline structure and grain size of these particles were analyzed by using XRD; the particle size ranged from 12.22nm to 17.60nm.The decrease in value of the lattice parameter with doping suggests that there is shrinkage in unit cell. The single-phase cubic spinal structure was clearly indicated by the XRD patterns of pure NiFe2O4.The XRD pattern also show that all the samples had formed the cubic single phase spinal structure. Dielectric properties have been studied in the frequency range of 1 kHz to 5 MHz. Permittivity and tangent loss (tanδ) decreases with the substitution of Ce3+ in parent crystal structure.

KEYWORDS :Rare earth ions, XRD, Dielectric properties, Permittivity

A 0.35m3 capacity anaerobic digestion unit for producing biogas from poultry waste in the rural communities was designed, fabricated and tested for performance. The entire unit was made of fiber glass reinforced plastics (FRP) to ensure good quality of the product. After construction and assembly, the biogas digestion unit was tested and compared with a metal bio-digester of the same capacity. In each digester, 90kg poultry waste was diluted with 191 kg of water and subjected to a retention period (45days) to make a substrate (slurry) of 8% total solid (TS). Results showed a cumulative gas yield of 2.28m3 for the metal digester and 1.33m3 for the FRP digester after 45 days retention period at average substrate temperature of between 250C and 34.50C while the daily ambient temperatures varied from 24.50C to 320C and a pH of 7.92 to 9.57 for the FRP digester and 8.01 to 9.67 for the metal digester. T-test analysis of the parameters showed significant differences in the pH, biogas volume and in temperature. It is recommended that further research be carried out on the FRP digester using other waste substrates/co-digestion of substrates to test its efficiency in terms of biogas production

KEYWORDS :Biogas production, digester, pH, temperature, volume.

Jakob Von Uexkull's groundbreaking work on the Umwelt discusses how alive creatures have a wall of senses. I seek to extend his theories by applying them to what I call the human-beagle Umwelt. Sources will be used from environmental imaginaries because they have the theories and the requisite knowledge of abstraction. These ideas are not necessarily readily apparent or even obvious since most people do not think about animals and environments this way. Therefore, we need environmental imaginaries, to help us think about beagles, in terms of what their lives, are really like in relation to our own. Ordinarily, we tend to view beagles, in comparison to our lives, and how these animals can serve us. Of course, this limits our view about their very potential and undercuts our ability to know, understand, and to fully appreciate beagles. Beagles, like humans, are actually shaped and influenced by their landscapes. We can consider the beagle's body type, voice, lifestyle, and how these specific things compliment an environment. The beagle has become central to human survival and at times, the beagle's powerful nose is an extension of our bodies, the way that a cane is central to the blind, or to the disabled. Therefore, humans and the beagle share a joint Umwelt as the beagle's heightened sense of smell is used by humans to become an extension of our human sense. My journal entries should help to further illustrate some of the abstract ideas gathered from the scholarly sources.

One of the problems that may be facing any community as large as Bowen University is the
location of portable sources of water and also to locate perfect sites for engineering purposes. The
electromagnetic profiling method was employed to delineate fracture zones within the Bowen University permanent site so as to assist in the determination of the positions of the deepest fracture zones where productive boreholes could be constructed and also shallow fracture zones where buildings of any size could be erected. The contour map constructed from the VLF data showed Southwestern, Northwestern, Central and some parts of the Northeastern parts of the study area are considered feasible for engineering purposes while the Northeastern parts remain the best site for groundwater and any other hydrogeologic development

The major concern in design of bumper is their potentiality to bear impact loads. Therefore, bumper impact test is required to fulfill the safety requirement. In development of bumper systems for the automotive industry, iterative Finite Element (FE) simulations are normally used to find a bumper design that meets the requirements of crash performance. The crash performance of a bumper system is normally verified by results from standardized low speed crash tests based on common crash situations. Explicit finite element method is used to investigate stress and effective plastic strain of bumper at impact. Design modification is applied to the bumper to improve its impact performance.

KEYWORDS :Bumper impact, finite element analysis, effective plastic strain.

The electrical power subsystem is the heart of a satellite; it providesa permanent power source to all subsystems in the satellite.The power sources are either primary source or secondary source, primary power source is the main source that supplies power to satellite subsystems in sunlight period, and secondary power source is a back-up source that supplies the load during eclipse periods.This paper focuses on using multi-junction solar array as primary power source and the lithium ion capacitor as secondary power source. Size of solar array and lithium ion capacitor for micro-satellites power systemare presented. A case study and its simulation using Matlab/Simulink are analyzed. The results show that lithium-ion capacitor can be used as an energy storage alone or without need of chemical battery beside.

KEYWORDS :Solar array,lithium-ioncapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, sun angle, Sizing

Internet technology is dynamically changing at lightning speeds that the academic brains cannot absorb. Emerging technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), fog computing, cloud computing and just to mention a few have recently emerged as novel technologies. These technologies have not yet sunk in to the minds of academic scholars, while superior techniques are currently emerging. As a result of these fluid changes, the study is intrigued by the Responsive Web Design (RWD) technology. RWD is a novel paradigm to develop one single website for different screen sizes of smart phones, tablets, laptops, and desktops among others. The websites become responsive by being accessible anytime, anywhere, and on any such devices. Although lots of ink has been spilled on responsive algorithm framework development, the study developed an enhanced algorithm with dynamic attributes such as text color, background color, font family, and font size manipulation. These attributes can be changed on the fly and be accessed by a single line of code by web designers. The methodology employed to develop the algorithm was jQuery library framework. The outcome of the study was threefold; first, to develop an enhanced algorithm coined Liquidizer.js, second, to distribute the source code of Liquidizer.js under the GNU General Public License, and third, to extend the jQuery library platform.

KEYWORDS :Responsive Web Design (RWD), Algorithm Liquidizer.js, Fluid Grid Concept and jQuery library platform.