This survey tackling on optimization and evaluation of resources has been carried forKipese- SMKK and Lunsanu-Surya Minesthanks to its project on the layer of Kipese-Lunsanu copper. The aimis to provide a reportof resources and estimated mineral reserves of this project, the conception of the resulting factory, the financial assessments and subsidiary surveys related to the development of a processing plant by SX/EW/HMS producing ingots of black copper getting up to 95% of copper. For the analysis, Whittle (version 4.4.1) has been used to determine the economic limits of mining exploitation. Whittle used a complete set of technical and financial information mainly the information of the model of the blocks,such as: Information on the slope of the mine, Mining dilution and loss of ore, Costs of extraction,Recuperation of treatment units, Mining exploitation, treatment and production of metals, Costs in capital.

Keywords - Optimization, Evaluation of the mineral reserves, Whittle,Kipese-Lunsanu.

In recent years, aluminium sheets have been increasingly used in the design of machine structures, in the automotive and aircraft industries. The paper deals with the influence of cutting conditions on the quality of the cutting surface when cutting thin sheets of aluminium alloys. Three grades of AlMg3-based aluminium sheets and one AlMgSi1-based aluminium sheets were selected for experimental verification of the cutting gap impact on the cutting surface quality. The cut-outs were cutting in an experimental cutting tool at two different cutting gaps. The quality of the cutting surface was evaluated based on microscopic observation of the surface and comparison of the size of the plastic area to the overall sheet thickness.

Keywords - aluminium sheet, cutting, cutting surface quality

For many years, aluminium alloy sheets have been used mainly in aircraft production, but also in the construction and consumer industries, precisely because of their low weight and good corrosion resistance. In recent years, these sheets have been used in the construction of car bodies. For this purpose, it is necessary to know their suitability for deep drawing. The paper deals with the determination of the drawing limit coefficients for four types of aluminium alloy sheets. One sheet is made of AlMgSi1 alloy and three sheets are made of AlMg3 alloy. The uniaxial tensile test was used to evaluate the drawability of the sheets and the determination of the drawing limit coefficient was carried out by an earring test.

Keywords - aluminium alloys, drawability, drawing limit coefficient.

Yemen has a coastal line of more than 2,100 km along three different marine waters, i.e., the Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea and Red Sea. Kamaran Island is one of the few populated Islands of Yemen, which has a strategic location in the Red Sea. It is the largest Island in the Red Sea, with an area of about 110 km2. The coral reefs ecosystem, which are surrounding the island from three sides, and mangrove ecosystem in the northern side provide habitats for a diverse of flora and fauna populations. This study used remote sensing and GIS techniques to study land use/land cover of Kamaran Island using Land Sat 7 ETM+ of the year 1987, and a high resolution (30*30 cm) of the year 2017 images...........

Keywords - Red Sea, Kamaran Island, remote sensing, land use/land cover, climate changes.

In this work, we adopted the theory of ordinary differential equations in the derivation of the model. The effective reproduction number of the model is determined and stability equilibria analyzed. The disease free equilibrium point of the model is shown to be locally asymptotically stable when its corresponding effective reproduction number is less than unity. Using the Lyapunov function of the Goh-Volterra type, we also proved that the endemic equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable when its corresponding reproduction number is greater than unity. The derived model equations in first order ordinary differential equations were transformed into the He's Homotopy Perturbation Method, HPM.

Keywords - Homotopy Perturbation Method, Lyapunov Function, stability analysis.

A sizeable proportion of concrete components used for constructions within mild to severe areas of crude oil polluted environments within the Niger Delta area of Nigeria is contaminated with crude oil to varying ranges. This work tries to understudy the water absorption behaviourof the concretes to crude oil. In this work, crude oil was used as a fifth ingredient of concrete mix which replaced 5% to 20% of the w/c. The four other component were cement, sand, granite, and water. A designed mix ratio of 1:2:4 with w/c of 0.5 was utilized as the initial component mix design. Scheffe's simplex theory was used for the five mix ratios in a {5,2} experimental design. This gave rise to ten additional mix ratios and fifteen other additional mix ratios were generated for control purposes...........

Keywords - Crude oil, Scheffe's simplex lattice design, Water absorption.

The procedure for the measurement of low ohmic resistance is developed;the indirect method is used, which allows to determine the best estimate of the magnitude of a low ohmic resistance without the need for a Kelvin bridge. Starting from Ohm's law and the four-terminal configuration of a resistor, the mathematical model that involves the readings of a voltmeter, an ammeter and a thermometer is developed; this model implies the correction by temperature at 20 [°C] of the measured magnitude. In addition, an experimental example and the numerical results obtained are shown.

Keywords - Low ohmic resistance, indirect method, Ohm's law, Kelvin Bridge, four terminals.

In this work, the control signals that feed a voltage source inverter (VSI) are shown and analyzed. These signals were generated using a NXP® FRDM-KL46Z Microcontroller and are used to power the gates of an inverter's transistors. Control signals are generated with a PWM technique. Tests of complementary signals, frequency and dead times are made. The voltage at the output of the inverter depends on these control signals; this voltage is used to feed the load.

Keywords - Control Signals,PWM,Complementary Signals, Dead Time, Inverter, Gate Driver.

The unabated increase in the cost Ordinary Portland Cement, OPC, has been one of the major factors militating against the provision of adequate and affordable housing in Nigeria and most African countries. Hence, this study investigated the possibility of using fowl egg ash (FESA) as partial replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (O.P.C) in the production of concrete. Fresh concrete of mix ratio 1:2:4, blended with graded levels of fowl egg ash: (0%; 5%; 10%; 15% ,20%,25% and 30%) , using water-cement ratio of 0.5, were prepared to cast a total of eighty-four (84) concrete cubes of size 150mm×150mm×150mm and cured in water bath for 7ays; 14days; 21days and 28days respectively. The resulting FESA blended concrete was subsequently tested for compressive strength, water absorption and consistency and workability in compliance with the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM,)............

Keywords - O.P.C, Fresh Fowl Egg Shell Ash, Compressive Strength, Workability, Water Absorption and Consistency.

The This study reports on biofuel potential of canarium schweinfurthii seeds (CNSSO) and its pulp (CNSPO) oils. These were compared with fossil-based diesel. The physicochemical characterization of the crude oils was also conducted and compared to biodiesel produced; The oil yield of CNSSO and CNSPO are: 30.72% and 80.4% respectively using n-hexane as solvent. CNSSO and CNSPO were shown to have a very high acid value at 130.15 mg KOH/g oil and 101.54 mg KOH/g oil as compared to the biodiesel produced from seed 1.422mg KOH/g oil CNSME and pulp 0.842 mg KOH/g oil CNSPME. The CNSPO has the highest FAMES conversion of 89.48%, while CNSSO was 77.94% when trans-esterified using NaOH catalyst and oil-methanol ratio of 1:6 in two minutes of reaction time. The fuel and physicochemical properties of the seed oil biodiesel and that of pulp have shown great similarities and when compared to ASTM standard, the fuel properties both showed close compatibility hence suitable for diesel engine.

Keywords - Canarium Schweinfurthii, FAMES, Trans-esterification, biofuel, physicochemical properties.

A cyclic heating system to periodically heat and cool the pyroelectric samples to explore their performance has been designed. Different heating and cooling cycles ranging from 1-3 seconds was applied to BaTiO3 and PZT. It is found that the temperature increases rapidly for high heating cycles in BaTiO3 for the obvious reason. Also, the temperature does not drop back to initial temperature as there is no external cooling resulting in cumulative heating of the samples. It is seen that after certain number of cycles, the samples come to their equilibrium state and the temperature becomes almost constant. The steady state is achieved by BaTiO3 and PZT in around 9 and 15 seconds respectively........

Keywords - Energy harvesting, Pyroelectric, BaTiO3, PZT.

The present work proposes the implementation of Wavelet based Chaotic Neural Network (WCNN) for image encryption. The neural network used is chaotic in nature i.e. its weights and bias will be determined by chaotic sequence with the help of 1-D logistic map. Private key system is achieved with the help of initial conditions. WCNN provides two level security along with the data compression to be transmitted. The image is first encrypted and then decrypted using WCNN. Encryption is carried out using only approximate coefficients, which reduces the transmitted data to a large extent. CNN is also applied for comparison purpose. The proposed methodology is applied on standard and real images. Further the behavior of system is verified with different key values at the receiver end and the proposed encryption scheme is proved to be keysensitive.

Keywords - CNN, WCNN, Chaotic Cryptography.

The aim of this paper is to introduce the notions of generalized soft homomorphism of generalized soft groups, generalized soft (inverse) image of generalized soft (normal) subgroup under generalized soft homomorphism, generalized soft kernel of a generalized soft homomorphism etc., generalizing the corresponding existing notions for a soft group over a group and show that several of the crisp theoretic results naturally extend to these new objects too. AMS Classification: 06B99, 20M10, 20M12, 06D72, 20K30.

Keywords - (Generalized) Soft set, (Generalized) Soft map, (Generalized) Soft group, (Generalized) Soft homomorphism, (Generalized) Soft image of a (Generalized)(normal) subgroup, (Generalized) soft inverse image of (Generalized)(normal) subgroup.

Composite resins have been widely used in clinical practice, however due to their incremental technique, up to 2mm, the clinical time is longer depending on the size of the cavity. In addition, composite resins upon polymerization have polymerization shrinkage, which can lead to breakage of the adhesive interface of the restoration, causing microleakage with consequent secondary caries, marginal staining and tooth sensitivity. To improve clinical performance Bulk-fill composite resins have been developed. The great technological innovation was the possibility of using unique increments (4-5mm) in order to optimize the professional's clinical time. This was possible due to changes in their composition, both in organic and inorganic matrix. It comes in viscosity compatible with the oral environment.......

Keywords - Composite resins;Dental restoration; Polymerization.

Pre-treatment of food waste is necessary to enhance the performance of food wastes-to-energy systems egbiodigesters and gasifiers. In this research, performance test of a food waste mixer was conducted usingfood waste samples comprising 3kg of shelled corn, 1kg of flour and 2kg of boiled rice replicated three times at mixing durations of 3minutes, 6minutes and 9minutes based on the standard test procedure for farm batch feed mixers developed by ASAE. The degree of mixing attained after 9 minutes of operation was 96.09% with a coefficient of variation of 3.91%.

Keywords - Mixing, Degree of Mixing, Coefficient of Variation, Standard deviation.

Any biogas generation project must be subject to a techno-economic feasibility assessment. The bio-methane potential (BMP) or Specific Biogas Production (SBP) of residues to be valorized, is a key element of this assessment. Several studies have been done in Europe and Asia for the characterization of waste that can be digested while few works has been done in Africa and particularly in Benin. The aim of this study is to identify easy and reliable methods for determining the BMP of agricultural residues in developing Country. The batch test method with measurement of the volume of gas by water displacement was implemented for the determination of the BMP of banana pseudo stem (PTB). After 80 days of incubation, the biogas generation of PTB is 167 ± 8.6L / kg for dry material or 6.68 L / kg for raw material. The deposit of 39 600 t of banana waste in southern Benin therefore represents an energy potential of more than 264 528 m3 of biogas, i.e. 330.660 MWh, or 17 253 bottles (6kg) of GPL, per year...

Keywords - Graph, Biochemical Methane Potential, Biogas, Pseudo-stem, Banana wastes, Digester

Nigerian newspapers as veritable mass media platformshave over the years contributed immensely to the development of the society. There is however, a general belief that the newspapers have not lived to expectations to draw attention of key stakeholders like government and oil companies to the environmental rights issues in the Niger Delta region. The objective of this study is to look at the coverage provided by the Nigerian newspapers to highlight oil-related environmental rights issues in the Niger Delta. The study was anchored on the agenda setting and social responsibility theories. Content analysis and survey were adopted for this study.The studyobserved that the people have continued to agitate for their rights to life, rights to a safe environment, protection of the ecosystem, appropriate mitigation and compensation, sustainable development, provision of basic amenities and peace for quality living......

Keywords - Newspaper, Journalism, Environmental rights issues, Development, Niger Delta

Transgenic plants represent one of the greatest scientific advances produced by genetic engineering. The first generation of transgenic plants aimed to obtain vegetables with improved agronomic characteristics, such as higher biomass productivity, pest resistance and herbicide tolerance. The second generation of genetically modified plants, however, aims at increasing nutritional and organoleptic properties and lower indices of antinutritional and allergenic factors. Genetically engineered plant products hit the shelves of US supermarkets in the first half of the 1990s. Since then, products derived from corn kernels, canola, and other plants have been approved for cattle feed and human consumption. This mini review aims to report an overview of the early development of the first genetically engineered functional foods and to put into perspective their great importance for obtaining more nutritious and healthy foods.

Keywords - (Genetically engineered foods, human nutrition, nutrient increased crops.

The production of recombinant proteins in plant systems has been attractive for several aspects related to production scale and economic and qualitative advantages.The commercial success of some of the first recombinant products produced in transgenic plants and the advanced stage of development of many others - synthesized in different higher plant species - confirm the potential of this expression system.This review focuses on the description of the main aspects that should be taken into consideration when choosing plants as vehicles for the biosynthesis of therapeutic and industrial molecules.

Keywords - transgenic crops, plant bioreactors,proteins with exogenous function.

Irrigation methods are used to ensure availability of water for plants growth improvement. To eliminate human physical effortsand to support a remote control and monitoring of watering, we have designed an electronic system commanded by a mobile application programmed in Java, which manages the irrigation. This smart system, equipped with sensors (soil moisture content, temperature) is managed by a microcontroller, whichcommunicates the collected parameters to the mobile station using SMS over the GSM network. The proposed integrated system consists of solar powered water pump and solenoid valve, managed by the microcontroller for watering decision from the mobile application to guarantee the irrigation efficiency.

Keywords - Drip irrigation, remote control, irrigation monitoring, ICTs system, mobile application.

The study assessed the spatial and ecological status of urban plants impacts in some selected capital cities in the South-south region of Nigeria. The study established quadrats of 30m x 200m along road (transects) in Government Reserved Areas (GRAs) of Uyo City, Akwa Ibom State and Yenagoa City, Bayelsa State labelled as sampled sites and a quadrat of 100m x 100m were established as control sites (secondary forest) at a minimum of 300m from the sampled sites.. Simpson's diversity index was used to determine the species diversity while Margalef Index was used to determine the level of species richness. Species evenness of urban plants was determined using the Simpson's evenness index. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the frequency and other results pertaining to ecological parameters.........

Keywords - Urban Trees. Ecosystem systems, Species Diversity, Species Richness, Species Evenness, Southsouth region, Nigeria.

This paper investigates the performance of the 3-pahse induction machine under several operating conditions through several laboratory experiments. The load characteristics of the induction machine in motoring and generating mode for both star and delta connections were investigated, then compared in the discussion. In addition, the star up transient current for delta connection was examined and discussed. Moreover, reactive power compensation and power factor improvement were all achieved by adding a 3-phase capacitor bank to the 3-phase induction machine. Finally, the results in this paper were generated practically and recorded in the results section with brief description for each milestone, and then they analyzed in detail in the discussion section.

Keywords - Induction machine, synchronous speed, slip, startup transient current and power factor improvement.

This work models and simulates a Campus Solar-Diesel Hybrid, Microgrid (CSDHMG) for the School of Postgraduate Studies (SPGS) sub-grid at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. The exact location of the SPGS sub-grids was selected at the set up stage, which enabled the download of one year solar global horizontal Irradiance (GHI) resources forecast from NASA satellite for the selected location. An electrical load estimation of the installed electrical loads carried out at the sub-grid gave the load profile input required for the simulation of SPGS sub-grids in HOMER Grid. The estimated installed electrical loads for SPGS were 84.15kW and were used to generate a customized load profile in HOMER for the sub-grid. The modelled SPGS sub-grid was simulated with thousands of visible simulation results arranged from the most optimized option to the least..........

Keywords - HOMER grid, SPGS Sub-grid, CSDHMG, Lead Acid (LA) batteries, Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI), Maximum Power Point Tracking( MPPT), NASA.

The rise of data science has significantly transformed multiple industries, providing innovative approaches to tackling complex problems that were previously challenging to address. In particular, the integration of data science techniques has emerged as a critical factor in enhancing the security and functionality of Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems. IoT networks, composed of interconnected devices that communicate and exchange data, are increasingly vulnerable to sophisticated cyber threats. Data science methodologies, including machine learning, big data analytics, and predictive modeling, have proven instrumental in developing robust cybersecurity measures that can detect, prevent, and mitigate these threats...........

Keywords - Data Science, IoT Security, Adaptive Learning Systems, Machine Learning, Big Data Analytics, Cybersecurity, AI.