Vietnam is an agricultural country with a large area of rice cultivation throughout the country. However, the post-harvest handling still has some limitations, resulting in low product costs. Currently, the rice seed dryers in Vietnam are mostly using coal, gas or oil for operation in direct heat transfer method. Direct heat transfer will increase the risk of localized heat, which reduces the germination capacity of the seed, reducing energy efficiency, bulky equipment, large factory area and space. For modern drying methods such as vacuum drying, sublimation drying, fluidized bed drying that are high cost huge investment and complicated operation, they are less suitable for drying the seeds. Through the results of research and application of heat pump drying technology (cold-drying) show that this drying method has many outstanding advantages compared to the hot-drying technology: materials after drying are products keep natural color, good quality, no environment pollution and energy saving.

Keywords - Drying technology, cold drying, rice-seed drying, heating pump.

A survey was conducted to obtain an inventory of medicinal plants and their identification in a homestead medicinal garden located in Gwarandok (Abattoir) in Jos South Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. The inventory was conducted through field visits where plants were tagged, identified and herbarium specimens collected. A total of one hundred and thirteen (113) plant species were recorded, these were distributed amongst thirty-eight (38) families. The families that recorded the highest plant species include Asteraceae (16), Fabaceae (15) and Euphorbiaceae (9). With respect to habit, the plant species were either trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers, or parasitic in nature. Regarding their source, some were wild growing while others were cultivated as of the time the survey was conducted. The survey has revealed a rich inventory of medicinal plants conserved and utilized by aTraditional MedicalPractioner(TMPer). This document can serve as reference material for teaching, research and conservation practices of medicinal plants.

Keywords - Identification, Inventory, Homestead/Home Garden, Medicinal Plants, Traditional Medicine,

This paper presents a multilevel optimal control scheme (strategies) for interconnected power systems. A largescale power system may be viewed as an interconnection of several subsystems, with possible change of interconnection pattern during operation. The control strategy is based on optimization of large-scale systems composed of a number of subsystems. Local controller is used to optimize each subsystem, ignoring the interconnection. Then, a global controller may be applied to minimize the effect of interconnections and improve the performance of the overall system. An optimal state feedback control and robust pole placement are also presented for a comparison. The simulation results for a multimachine power system consisting of two machines show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Keywords - Power system stability, multilevel optimal control, multimachine systems

In this study, analytical solutions are obtained to predict laminar heat convection in a plane Couette flow between two parallel plates with a zero pressure gradient and an axial movement of the upper plate. A Newtonian fluid with constant properties is considered with an emphasis on the viscous dissipation effect. Both hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed flow cases are investigated. The axial heat conduction in the fluid, and through the wall are neglected. Three different orientations of thermal boundary conditions are considered: different constant heat fluxes, equal constant heat fluxes and an insulated lower plate. For different values of relative velocity of the upper plate, the effect of the modified Brinkman number and Brinkman number on the temperature distribution and the Nusselt number are discussed.

Keywords - Plane Couette Flow, Nusselt Number, Viscous Dissipation, Constant Heat Flux, Brinkman Number.

The use of aggregates as roadstones depends on the strength and durability characteristics of the aggregates.The suitability of natural gravels associated with Nsukka Formation in Owerre-Ezukala (Awka area), Southeastern Nigeria as aggregates for highway pavement was investigated and evaluated. In this study, some gravelsamples were collected froma local quarry at Owerre-Ezukala (Awka area) and subjected tophysical and mechanical tests includingAggregate Crushing Value(ACV), Aggregate Impact Value (AIV), Los Angeles Abrasion Value (LAAV), SpecificGravity (SG) and Water Absorption (WA).Results of the physicomechanical tests show thatthe samples associated with Nsukka..........

Keywords - Suitability, natural gravels, Nsukka Formation, Owerre-Ezukala,aggregates and highway pavement.

Based on revenue sharing contract, this paper discusses the supply chain coordination problem of assembly system.It constructs an assembly system model consisting of an assembler and n suppliers.Due to reasons such as technology or artificial parts supplier delivered to the assembly of parts will have different degree of damage.Therefore, it is more realistic to assume that there are defective parts for n parts.The supply chain cannot be coordinated without the benefit sharing.Then, the "income sharing + subscription subsidy" contract was proposed.The study found that the contract enables the supply chain to be coordinated.This paper studies the optimal delivery quantity of component suppliers in risk aversion................

Keywords - Assembly system； Demand random； Part qualification rate； Revenue sharing contract； Risk aversion.

The 132 KV High Voltage (HV) transmission lines in Nigeria cover a total distance of 7780km and have 132 / 33 / 11 kV substations with an installed transformation capacity of 11,660 MVA. These lines convey power not only to Nigeria but also to Niger and Benin Republicsrespectively. Unfortunately, these lines are fragile (technically weak) and could wheel out a maximum of 8238 MW of power. Besides, they are mainly radial by construction, thus making voltage control even more challenging. It is very important that the outages on these HV lines are kept to a minimum to ensure sustainable economic activities in Nigeria and in those other countries. This work studies and evaluates the outages on 132 kV transmission system from 2008 to 2017. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics...........

Keywords - Forced outage, planned outage, transmission line, grid, disturbances.

Digital information hiding is the art of hiding the information in digital media. The method of information hiding plays an important role in the field of digital communication and the information security, as the transmission of information over the Internet has a possibility to be stolen from the third party. One of the solutions is embedding the information so that the target message will not be known to repel the attention of the thieves. In the proposed algorithm, hiding operation will be based on finding the optimal area for inserting the target message in a cover image using spatial domain by finding which part of cover image similar with the message data in level of bits............

Keywords - Steganography, Information Security, LSB, Optimal Area, Mark Image.

From the point of view of classical and neo-classical economists, all economies of the world usually experience vicious business cycles involving period of boom (equilibrium and full employment) and period of depression or recession when the economy will not be at full employment as a result of lack of adequate demand or lack of adequate supply due to low purchasing power or low productive capacity. Floating-managed exchange rates macro policy was introduced in the year 2015 by Monetary authorities in Nigeria in order to prevent further depletion of reserve as a result of decreased in crude oil prices and escalation of inflation rate (which according to NBS, 2016,) was above 16.5% as well as unemployment rate of about 22% with attendant consequences like; inabilities of government at all levels to pay their workers', mass retrenchment of workers..........

Keywords - Exchange Rate, Recession, Agriculture, Export.

The smart music recommendation system curates the music library using machine learning, dynamically and creates smart playlists based on a myriad of factors. The recommendation system takes away all the distraction and unnecessary elements that complicate the users listening experience. The smart music system analyzes and takes into consideration a variety of data, such as: users listening behaviour the music library data, time and anonymous analytics information from other users. This data would help the smart music system to give better recommendations. The recommendation system continuously teaches itself about the users music taste and would help the user to explore new songs that are similar and what he/she might like. We use both content based as well as collaborative filtering taking the user ratings as well considering what type of songs are listened by the user..........

Keywords - Machine Learning, Recommender system, Collaborative filtering.

A study to investigate the presence of bacteria and their molecular characterization from poultry feeds sold in Keffi Metropolis was conducted. A total of 50 samples from three different brands involving four feed types namely Broilers, Layers, Quail and sussex were aseptically collected and analysed using standard microbiological techniques. Preliminary characterization of the bacterial isolates revealed the presence of the following contaminants: Escherichiacoli, Salmonella sp., Bacillus sp., Klebsiella sp., Enterococcus sp., Staphylococcusaureus and Proteus sp. The bacterial load of the feeds were in the range of 0.49–7.08cfu/g with Brand A having the highest number of bacterial contamination. Bacillus sp. and Salmonella sp. had the highest occurrence rate of 34% each, while Proteus sp. and Klebsiella sp. had the lowest frequency..........

Keywords - Bacteria, Poultry Feeds; Resistance, Molecular, Nigeria.

One of the most realistic manifestations of modern political systems is the participation of citizens in the systems. The recent developments in Afghanistan over the past half-century have shown that due to the immaturity of political parties, the process of political participation has faced obstacles and disadvantages, and most parties by ethnic attitude or approaches have been temporarily engaged in the process of attracting political citizenship. The political parties also suffer from the lack of planning and lack of modern strategies and therefore are more reactionary and ethical.

Keywords - Political parties, citizenship rights, political participation, democracy, elections.

An attempt has been made in this study to show that price of rice is significantly volatile and to also determine the causes of this volatility for the period of 1970 to 2017.The result of Arch test confirmed that price of rice is significantly volatile. The result of Garch (1,1) model revealed that coefficients of internal factors (arch and garch term) was significant at 5%, coefficients of external shocks or factors (domestic rice production and naira/dollar exchange rate) were significant at 5% and 10% respectively. This implies that both internal and external factors were major determinants of rice price volatility and by implication..........

Keywords - Garch 1,1, Rice, Price Volatility, Exchange Rate.

The importance of the equilibrium (x-y) curve in the determination of the minimum reflux ratio in the design of a binary distillation column was explained. This study shows the use of MS Excel drawing tools to construct the qline for the determination of the minimum reflux ratio in the McCabe-Thiele diagram. The feed enters at its bubble point since the q-line is vertical. A careful study reveals that without the determination of the actual reflux ration, the flow rates of vapour ands liquid cannot be evaluated. The value of the minimum reflux ratio and the actual reflux ratio calculated was 0.979 and 1.958 respectively.

Keywords - Equilibrium curve, minimum reflux ratio, actual efflux ratio, distillation, excel.

Thousands of children are dying and some are disabled because of some common diseases such as measles, polio, tetanus, whooping cough, tuberculosis etc, hence there is need to sensitize parents towards the immunization of their children. In this study, questionnaires were administered to 500 women in Zuru local government area of Kebbi state to elicit relevant information regarding their general attitudes to child's vaccination. Results from the analyses carried out using SPSS, show that mothers' locality, place of vaccination, mothers' educational status, age at vaccination, spouses educational status, mothers' religious beliefs as well as mothers' age group at birth of child are all positively associated with attitudes of mothers towards vaccination. Further results finally revealed that donation of gifts items to mothers serve as positive inducement towards improving the attitudes of mothers towards immunization of their children.

Keywords - Immunization, Questionnaire, Knowledge, Attitude, Survey.

Currently, in the world in general or Vietnam in particular, there are many types of cube ice maker with different capacity ranges from large capacity to small capacity to meet the needs of from industrial production to household scale. The tubular ice making machines are manufactured by many brands such as Linde, Doelz (Germany), Vogt, Escher (USA), and some firms of French, Korean, but the general operation principle of these machines is the same. and have a working principle, mainly using a flooded liquid evaporator. At present, the Institute of Energy Science - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology has successfully used a tube-in-tube evaporator technology to help reducing the amount of refrigerant circulating in the system for saving energy, reducing energy consumption per unit of product. The above advantages contribute to reducing environmental pollution, saving energy and reducing production costs.

Keywords - Cube ice, ice maker, small capacity, tube in tube, energy saving.

Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) curves are among the most widely used tools in water resources management. They are derived from historical rainfall records under assumption of stationarity. Climate change makes the use of historical data for development of IDFs for the future unjustifiable. This study uses IDF_CC, a web based tool to develop and update IDF curves for the city of Takoradi to reflect future climate change uncertainties. The capabilities of IDF_CC indicate its effectiveness as a Decision Support System for updating and incorporating climate change impacts into IDF curves for the city of Takoradi. Rainfall intensity is projected to increase in future (2009-2039) for all durations and return periods compared to the historical (1971-2008)..........

Keywords - IDF Curves, Climate Change, IDF_CC, Takoradi, Decision Support System.

Geodetic infrastructure is a control framework upon which planning, mapping, security and defence of any nation depended. Sometimes, this geodetic infrastructure is tampered, destroyed, uprooted, removed and became unreliable for tying survey work thus calling for stability determination to know the integrity of the existing monuments within the study area. Stability determination is ability to check if the geodetic monument is fit or not fit for tying surveying work. This stability determination is accomplished through a process called insitu check. In-situ check is a process employed to determine if the geodetic control monuments are still in their position as it was, when established or shifted with respect to the original position. Therefore the purpose of this study is to carry out stability determination of second order (2nd) federal geodetic control in Anambra State, Nigeria..........

Keywords - Stability, Geodetic, Infrastructure, In-situ Check.

This study attempted to examine the impact of effective leadership on employee's performance in Zaria local government of Kaduna State. The study also examines the influence of leadership effectiveness on organizational productivity. Survey and documentary research was employed as the research design of the study. Data were sourced from both primary and secondary source. Structured questionnaire constituted the basic instrument for data collection of the study. Descriptive statistical tools such as table, percentage and mean score were used in the presentation and analysis of data. Chi-square as a non-parametric tool was utilized in the testing of the research hypotheses.........

Keywords - Effective Leadership, Employees Performance, Productivity and Supervision.

Water impounded at the reservoir can be lost through many ways. The most important water lost through any embankment dam is seepage. Seepage depends on many factors including nature of construction materials, geometry of the dam body, reservoir water level, nature of the dam foundation and nature & efficiency of the seepage mitigation constructions like clay core and diaphragm wall. Seepage through Kiri is studied using finite element method by employing a software known as SEEP/W, 2007 developed by GeoSlope Studio. Four sections that include CH 685, CH 800, CH 1000 and CH 1100 are considered for analysis. On each section, 36 different reservoir elevations that include monthly reservoir elevations of 1984, 1997 and 2003 are considered. Seepage fluxes, hydraulic velocity and pore-water pressure are investigated..........

Keywords - Seepage, Piping, SEEP/W, Kiri Dam, hydraulic gradient, phreatic line, Pore-water Pressure.

The internet has brought stiff competition among business owners', organizations and governments. So the need for the protection of information has become very strategic to the survival of any institution or government. Software protection plays a significant role in this internet era. Software protection is a combination of principles and techniques to enhance software security. Most software programmes distributed on the internet today are Java-based. They suffer a lot of tampering and reverse engineering which has necessitated the need to proffer solutions. Current Java-based obfuscators do not take advantage of recent advances in multi-core microprocessor technology. Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence related to pattern recognition; facial, image and handwriting, have not been incorporated into any of the obfuscators. Though, the efficiency of obfuscators will greatly improve when these technologies are added. The aim of this paper is to investigate how these two developments can be integrated into obfuscators to provide greater obfuscation and runtime efficiency.

Keywords - pattern recognition, parallel processing, lexer/parser, machine learning

The theoretical model (ε-NTU) was developed for the thermal performance of water, ethylene glycol water mixture and aqueous ethylene-based nanofluid solution. The nanoparticles used in this work are silver (Ag), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), copper oxide (CuO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2). The relevance of using nanofluids specifically for a finned flat tube heat exchanger (automotive radiator) within the temperature range specified in the analysis is demonstrated by analyzing the heat exchange between the fluids. The maximum heat transfer rate using nanofluids can be up to 2.7 times higher than the use of 50% ethylene glycol and water, or pure water, for relatively low airflow........

Keywords - Compact Heat Exchanger; Automotive Radiator; Theoretical Model (ε-NTU); Water-Ethylene Glycol; Nanofluid

In the sheet metal forming process, in this case V – Bending process two types of steels were used in the experiment, deep drawing quality steel DC06 and high-strength steel with TRIP effect RAK40/70 exhibit springback effect, which is governed by strain recovery of material after the load removal. In this work, the numerical simulation of bending V-shape part was performed and compared with experimental data. Springback is related to many parameters like forming conditions, tool geometry and material properties such as sheet thickness, yield stress, work hardening, strain rate sensitivity and elasticity modulus. In this contribution, the influence of process conditions on springback effect of V - shaped parts made of deep drawing quality steel DC06 and TRIP steel RAK40/70 was investigated........

Keywords - V bending, springback prediction, trip steel, drawing quality steel, process conditions

This study involved the assessment of the climate change perception and resilience strategies in five industrial areas of Bonny, Eleme, Omoku, Rumuolumeni and Trans Amadi of Rivers State, Nigeria. Satellite imageries, field survey and semi-structured questionnaire were utilized to obtain relevant information from 305 staff and residents in the industrial areas. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Findings showed high climate awareness level and evidence of climate in all. The most prevalent climate resilience strategies in the industrial areas were natural resource conservation (72.9%) in Bonny; urban greening in Eleme (57.1%) and Rumuolumeni (69.8%); community awareness (48.2%) in Omoku and effective waste management (50.7%) in Trans Amadi. Of the total resilience strategies used in all the areas; only 37.4% were effective, 4.3% very effective, 4.3% were poor.........

Keywords - Resilience strategies, Climate Change, Industrial areas

A submarine communication cable is a cable laid on the seabed across land– based stationsto transmit telecommunication signals across the horizon of oceans and seas.It represents an invisible but essential infrastructure that permits all sorts of global communication. Presently, modern optical fiber cables are used to carry out transmission of communication signals in form of digital data like telephone, internet and private datatraffic. This study examines the advancement from the first submarine cables from initial transatlantic copper wire cable to the modern Optic fiber cables. It x-rays themerits and demerits on the use of early copper cables and Optic fiber cables. The misconception of satellite communicationbeing more important than submarine communication is discussed..........

Keywords - copper cable;optic fiber cables; satellite communication; submarine communication, merits of copper; merits of optic fiber cables

Badly prepared and recontamination of ready to eat street foods are the main causes of food related diseases. The bacteriological examination of six different ready to eat street foods, three each of cooked (Jollof rice, Beans and Moi-moi) and Fried (Yam, Fish and Plantain) offered for sale in Ekpoma and its environs were examined between the month of August and October 2019. A total of one hundred and forty four (144) food samples were randomly collected from four famous vending zones, two each of mobile and stationary vendors from different locations in Ekpoma and were analyzed using standard protocols. The results obtained revealed that Mean aerobic plate counts ranged from 3.2 X 104 ± 2.65cfu/g (Jollof rice) sold by mobile vendor A to 1.0 x 105 ± 10.00 cfu/g(Fried fish and Jollof rice) vended.......

Keywords - Food vendors, Street foods Hygienic measures, Microbiological quality, Ready-to-eat foods, Cooked and fried foods.

Diagrams play an important role in the software development process. Manual drawing of diagrams is a timeconsuming task. Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram plays an extremely crucial function in the software development process and database design among other diagrams. Entity-Relationship data modeling is a highlevel conceptualization that describes information as entities, attributes, and relationships. This type of modeling is to facilitate database design. There are many tools to draw the Entity-Relationship diagram manually. This paper describes the nature of natural languages and how to use Natural Language Processing (NPL) to design Entity-Relationship and schema under an automated process. Furthermore, it includes a terse overview of recent developments and discriminates among rule-based and probabilistic models.

Keywords - Entity-Relationship (ER) Model, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD), Requirement analysis, Data modeling, System modeling, Information modeling, Natural Language Processing (NPL)

At present, the energy saving in the university campuses becomes an issue throughout the world. Hence accurate analysis of energy consumption pattern is necessary in order to achieve energy efficiency and deployment of appropriate renewable energy technology. Therefore, this paper aims to construct a load profile through the energy consumption pattern in the Bayero University Kano, focusing on the academic area, staff quarters and hostel area. As the daily operation pattern can decide system performance, it is important to collect accurate hourly energy consumption of the campus. Accurate data were collected by installing advance power system meter (APS meter) to all the substations, and data logger (Netbiter device) was also installed to capture the hourly load curve and load pattern. Result showed the consumption patterns in weekdays and weekends are different. Based on this result, the total load curve for the entire campus was deduced where the peak daily load consumption is 1100kW while on the average daily load is 710kW.

Keywords - energy saving, load curve, load pattern, data logger.

This work uses a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) to automate a feed dispenser for rabbits. This is intended to avoid the problem presented in the Ranches about the current rabbit feeding process in Mexico, since this activity is now done manually. The programming of the opening and closing sequence of the food dispenser that the PLC must carry out and a graphic interface are developed so that a user activates the dispenser in a desired sequence.

Keywords - Automation, Food dispenser, Graphical interface,Programmable Logic Controller PLC, Sequence.

The comparison of the Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) and Third Harmonic Sinusoidal PWM (THSPWM) control techniques used in Transmission System High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) is made in this work. The control techniques are comparing in DC-AC Converter (Inverter). The simulation is done in PSCAD_EMTDC® software. The results are analyzed to determine which of the two control techniques is more efficient in HVDC Systems implementation.

Keywords - Sinusoidal PWM, Third Harmonic Sinusoidal PWM, HVDC Transmission System, Inverter.

Plucheaindica is one of herbal plants that is potential for antifertility due to tannin content on its leaves. This study aimed at studying the structural change on spermatozoa of male white mice treated by Plucheaindica tannin. The tannin extraction was on the basis of Lowenthal-Procter method. In practice, there were three sorts of treatments, comprising: (A) administering aquadest to control group; (B) giving pure tannin; and (C) administering Plucheaindica tannin. After 49 days of treatment, spermatozoa were observed by using electron microscope. There were some parameters considered to measure the structure of spermatozoa, i.e. size and shapes of head, neck, and tail. The result indicated that the structure of spermatozoa from the three different treatments were all of uniformity. For that reason, pure and Plucheaindica tannins did not yield significant difference on the spermatozoa structure of male white mice.

Keywords - tannin, antifertility, Plucheaindica

This paper describes the procedure for quantifying the best estimate magnitudes errors of the measurement in an analog voltmeter, including the calculation of the combined standard uncertainty; the direct measurement comparation method is used, and the environmental and technical considerations necessary to perform a reliable procedure are mentioned. In addition, the numerical and graphical results, obtained experimentally, are shown for one range of an analog multimeter as a function of direct current voltmeter.

Keywords - Measurement errors,uncertainty, voltmeter, analog,measurement comparation.

This paper documents and analyzes the implementation of some cases of basic electrical circuits Ohm's Law, using the PBL (Problem Based Learning) methodology in a course in electrical circuits belonging to the race of Electrical Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Unit Zacatenco the National Polytechnic Institute in Mexico, the goal is that the problems are handled in the context of circuit theory, are transverse so as to achieve the problems seen in at least three knowledges on the subject, (know-how, knowledge and know how to be) where mainly promotes accountability (how to be) to use correctly the amounts of electric current in the team, to offer both to themselves and to their fellow security by magnitudes of electric current that the human body can withstand.

Keywords - PBL, competences, responsibility, electrical circuits.