volume 3 ~ issue 3

This research work was done by modeling and simulating a four step three dimensionally braided composite micromechanical model using Finite Element Analysis software ANYSYS. Three-dimensionally (3D) braided composites are strong contenders for the structural applications in situation like aerospace, aircraft, building and automobiles industries due to their good mechanical properties, structural layout and strength coupled with their thickness stiffness properties. The mechanical properties of the 3D-braided micromechanical composite model was analyzed, based on the result some relevant conclusion were made. With the assumption that the fiber bundle is transversely isotropic and the matrix is isotropic, the macroscopic elastic constants of 3D-braided composites were simulated, and the elastic constants versus the braiding angles and fiber volume fraction were analyzed. The presence of reinforcement along the thickness direction in three-dimensionally braided composites, increases the through thickness stiffness and strength properties. Based on this research, it was also discovered that FEM technique has the ability to model and study the response of complex shapes subjected to complex load applied at any boundary of the design model.
Keywords: Mechanical properties, Three-dimension, Elastic constant, Poisson's ratio, Braided composites

An investigation was conducted in Jalingo and its surrounding (June,2005),to ascertain the extent insecticide treated mosquito bed nets have achieved as a malaria control measure. The questionnaire was the main instrument used for data collection.1500 questionnaires were distributed randomly at five designated areas. The results revealed that malaria is the most dreaded disease in the area. The findings further pointed out that the preferred way of preventing malaria attacks in the area studied, is the use of treated mosquito nets. The chi-square value showed there was no correlation(P>0.01) between awareness on the use of the treated mosquito nets and its actual usage. Some of the respondents attributed the low usage to poor publicity, inadequate supply of the nets and the prohibitive cost of the nets. It is therefore, necessary that governments at various levels and NGOS should improve the publicity, increase supply and subsidize the cost so that a greater proportion of the low-income citizens can afford its usage. This will greatly reduce the incidence of malaria in the area.
Keywords:

This project mainly used to monitoring the building to access the earthquake damage and evaluate the structural behaviour of the building. Strain sensor and acceleration sensors are mainly used for this purpose. Additionally we are adding fire sensor, smoke sensor, co2sensor, temperature sensor are adding the roof of the building to evaluate any damages that occurring the building. If any critical condition occurs then alarm will on and inform the people. The GSM protocol is used as the communication medium between the transmitter and receiving base station. Here in this project the receiving base station which consist of mobile phone. Inside the mobile phone the GSM SIM 300 is inserted. One of the main advantage by using GSM is the communication path which is wide by using this method more detailed information could be obtained from the structural behaviour as well as the actual condition of the building structure. This will enable engineers use more precisely information for the structure analysis and repair as well as life time prediction.The main aim of this project is to evaluate earthquake damage and also we can get structural behaviour as well as the actual condition of the building structure. If any critical condition that occurring the building roof such as smoke, Fire, temperature. In this project work detailed study of installing various equipments, sensoring the information and which helps to minimise the damages for huge structures and loss human lives.
KEYWORDS: GSM, GSM SIM 300

Application of multilevel inverter for high power equipments in industry has become popular because of its high-quality output waveform. In this paper, a three phase 11 level is proposed with reduced number of switches. An algorithm has been generated on the basis of optimized harmonic stepped waveform technique to find out firing angle for multilevel inverter to reduce harmonic content present in output. The proposed multilevel inverter has been validated using MATLAB R2009a software and firing angle was calculated using program executed by MATLAB R2009a.
Keywords: Three phase inverter, single switch cascaded multilevel inverter, total harmonic distortion.

The invasive common myna is becoming a biggest threat on the indigenous biodiversity in Sigatoka. The study focused on three areas in Sigatoka: urban (Sigatoka town), semi-urban (Malevu) and rural (Navola and Namatakula villages). A combination of two different methods was used to control myna in Sigatoka.1) The use of Pee Gee trap which was less effective due to the distractions caused by villagers, dogs and humans (thieves) and it removed 30% of the common myna. 2) The removal of the myna nest was quite successful as a total of 16 (44%) nests was removed but did not show a significant decrease in the common myna population. Data was collected through questionnaires which focused on myna population, roosting sites, threats and control measures used by framers. The most prominent standing crops and fruits damaged by myna in Sigatoka were eggplant, cabbage, chili, banana and pawpaw. A total of 530 common mynas were seen in Sigatoka with 11 roosting sites, more on trees (77%) and 36 nests on roofs (89%). However, 38% people in Sigatoka regarded myna as a beneficial bird of which 28.5% people were not using any form of control against myna.
Keywords: Trap, removal, roosting site, study sites, nest.

Moringa oleifera having been used as medicinal plant was subjected to soxhlet extraction and the extract was used to find the antimicrobial analyses. The result showed that ethanol extract inhibits the action of staphylococcus aureus 9mm,Escherichia coli 4mm,salmonella tiphy 6mm, mucor 3mm,and candida albican 3mm.N-hexane extract inhibits salmonella tiphy 4mm,mucor 2mm, candida albican 2mm,while it had no action on staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Ethyl acetate possess the highest zone of 10mm in staphylococcus aureus and salmonella tiphy followed by E. coli 8mm, candida albican 4mm, and mucor 2mm. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins and alkaloids in all the three extracts, phlobatannins were found to be present only in n-hexane extract, while they were absent in both ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts, also saponins and phenols were present in both ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts and absent in n-hexane extract. The quantitative analysis were found to be: tannins (8.22%), saponins (1.75%), alkaloids (0.42%) and phenols (0.19%). Moringa oleifera could be used in curing many diseases like typhoid fever, diarrohea, high blood sugar, hypertension, gastro intestinal disorder. It is advised that this plant be utilized in cooking and making other formulations that are edible.
Keywords: screening, antimicrobial, medicinal ,extract.

Minerals are natural gifts to community when found, harnessed and utilized by man. Ores from "Ikwo" Local Government Area of Ebonyi State were analyzed. The result showed that Sample A contained : Pb2+ (1.06g/dm3), Fe2+ (5.56g/dm3), Zn2+ (9.16g/dm3), and SO42+ 3.84g/dm3). Sample B contained Co3+ 32.39g/dm3), Ni2+ (14.67g/dm3), Al3+ (0.81g/dm3) and Na+ (91.54g/dm3). The density of both samples showed that A and B have 10.00gcm-3 and 7.20gcm-3 respectively with hardness of 5.78morh for Sample A and 2.92 Mohr for Sample B. there is an indication that Sample A is hard hardness and B is soft hardness. Both ores are of economic importance to metallurgical and battery industries to achieve sustainable development and economic efficiency.
Keywords: Mineral, Ore, Concentration, Hardness

To control the steric interactions induced by disubstitution in the polythiophene and its derivatives a series of 3,4-disubstituted polythiophene derivatives have been described. In the present study the effect of various spacers (bithiophene, ethynylene and vinylene) on the effective conjugation length has been explored. The polymers with vinylene spacers showed the significant red shift in absorption maxima among the 3,4-disubstituted polymers.
Keywords:3-alkylthiophene), disubstitution, spacers, vinylene, ethynylene

Minerals are natural gifts to community when found, harnessed and utilized by man. Ores from "Ikwo" Local Government Area of Ebonyi State were analyzed. The result showed that Sample A contained : Pb2+ (1.06g/dm3), Fe2+ (5.56g/dm3), Zn2+ (9.16g/dm3), and SO42+ 3.84g/dm3). Sample B contained Co3+ 32.39g/dm3), Ni2+ (14.67g/dm3), Al3+ (0.81g/dm3) and Na+ (91.54g/dm3). The density of both samples showed that A and B have 10.00gcm-3 and 7.20gcm-3 respectively with hardness of 5.78morh for Sample A and 2.92 Mohr for Sample B. there is an indication that Sample A is hard hardness and B is soft hardness. Both ores are of economic importance to metallurgical and battery industries to achieve sustainable development and economic efficiency.
Keywords: Mineral, Ore, Concentration, Hardness

Cloud computing is the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer. It provides the highly scalable services as on demand basis. As it facilitates the use of virtual servers and can therefore be moved around and scaled up (or down) on the fly without affecting the end user - arguably, rather like a cloud, the user does not know about the actual location of their data and thus user looses the control on their own data. To overcome this problem have proposed a novel highly decentralized information accountability framework with indexing mechanism. Here the accountability framework provides automatic logging and end to end auditing mechanism that enables the user to keep track of their own data along with their usage policies and the indexing policy will enable the user for the fast, easy retrieval of accurate and reduced search result set. Here we have used the JAR programmable capabilities which works on the object oriented approach. This JAR files are the key components which combines the user data and the logging information of that data. It can create the dynamic objects and ensure that any access to the user's data will trigger an automated logging and authentication mechanism associated with that data. A distributed auditing mechanism has also been used to make the user control tighter on the user's data. In this paper we have explained some security analysis and how this framework has overcome those problems
Keywords: Cloud computing, accountability, data sharing.

Advanced mobile devices, known as smartphones, are a class of devices built at their core around ease of connectivity and always-on accessibility of online services. Security is one of the most challenging aspects in the internet and network applications. Symmetric key algorithms are a typically efficient and fast cryptosystem, so it has significant applications in many realms. For a Mobile adhoc network with constraint computational resources, the cryptosystem based on symmetric key algorithms is extremely suitable for such an agile and dynamic environment, along with other security strategies. The paper presents a comparison study of block ciphers such as AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish, RC2, and RC6 on the basis of block size, key size, and speed.
Keywords: Mobile caching, symmetric encryption, AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish, RC2, and RC6

Composite tubes have been effectively employed as energy absorber devices mainly in automobile as well as airplane in this era. This research paper compared the energy absorption and crushing behavior of composite materials and hybrid composite square tube subjected to quasi-static oblique loads with various angles. Overall the study highlights the advantages of using hybrid composite material as best energy absorbers. The oblique loadwasrealized experimentallybyapplyingaloadviathe inclined modified compression plates to the specimens. When the structures are subjected to the axial and oblique quasi-static loading, the deformation modes, such as progressive collapse, axi-symmetrical or diamond deformation mode were observed at 0 degree to 5 degree. As the angle increase beyond 10degree bending force was identified and became significant. Results show that the axially compressed tubes give better energy absorption against the tubes that subjected to high oblique loading under quasi-static conditions. Hybrid composite square tube from C-glass fiber and Kevlar exhibited good energy absorption capability
Keywords: Energy absorption capabilities; Hybrid composite; Oblique loading;Quasi-static; Square tube.

With the evolvement of the Internet over the last few years, the need for security has been rising with it mainly due to the openness and connectivity nature of the web, people and organizations are faced with more challenges every day to secure their data and all other assets of value to them. No system is totally secure. Any security procedures should be undertaken with that in mind. There will always be threats and actual intrusions. The ultimate goal should be minimizing the risk and not eliminating it. This paper describes a system for detecting intrusions, introducing technologies to provide protection for electronic information exchange over public networks.
Keywords: Intrusion Detection, Security Protocol, Attacks, IDE.

In this paper, sepic converter was used to improve battery performance without affecting the volume of charger by giving the constant output voltage when input voltages are low or high. The resonant tank was used to present better performance LLC multi resonant dc–dc converter in a two-stage smart battery charger for neighborhood electric vehicle applications. The performance characteristics and its multi resonant converter have been analyzed are implemented. It eliminates both high and low frequency current ripple on the battery.
Keywords: Mineral, Ore, Concentration, Hardness

Noise pollution has always been a prevalent case in industrial environment, yet there has never been a cohesive assertion on the actual effect of these noise exposures on factory workers. Many occupational studies have allied exposure to noise in working environment to a number of physiological and psychological responses like secretion of adrenaline and cortisol needed to adjust the body function. This research looks at noise pollution in sawmills as well as the significant changes as a result of the noise pollution. Sound level meter was used to determine the ambient noise levels in the sawmills. These measured noise levels were used to calculate workers exposure dosage. The results of the study established that noise pollution was prevalent in these sawmills, and has a significant effect on the blood pressure. However, these effects depends on some other uncaptured factors since individual noise appraisal and societal appreciation of the activities generating the noise have also a notable effect on whether the effect would be tending towards a decreae or increase. In conclusion, the noise exposure dosage of these factory workers exceeds the permissible exposure limit as prescribed by the occupational safety and health administration. In addition, prolonged exposure to high (fluctuating) noise levels may be a possible influence on the blood pressure changes..
Keywords: noise pollution; permissible exposure limit; blood pressure.

All the manufacturing companies are striving hard enough to achieve their aims, objectives and their capabilities by proper planning and skillfulness, through application of automation and innovative concepts, e.g. lean manufacturing, just-in-time (JIT), total quality management (TQM) and Total productive maintenance (TPM). Among these innovative concepts, lean manufacturing is recognized by the manufacturing companies as a major driver to achieve world-class capabilities. Many large and medium-sized manufacturing companies have adopted lean manufacturing concepts, and experienced reduction in manufacturing lead time and material handling cost, and improvement in quality with other benefits.
Keywords: lean manufacturing,

Resources required for the execution of housing projects fluctuates randomly. This uneven disposition of resources has resulted to high project cost and avoidable elongation of project duration. Admittedly, maintaining optimum resource level in housing projects during implementation is one of the major challenges of project managers. Construction industry practitioners that play leading roles in housing development have continuously searched for priority rules that are easy to adopt to ensure resource optimality during construction. This paper highlights the usefulness of total resource usage heuristic in the resource allocation process that guarantees greater resource utilization in housing projects
Keywords: Heuristics, resource allocation, housing project, resource utilization

A mathematical model of a flow-by packed bed electrochemical reactor consisting of copper particles and operating under constant current conditions is presented. The mathematical model describes the kinetic behavior of electrochemical reactor and its porosity field modification as a result of electrodeposition occurring in the reactor, when the reactor is used to remove copper ions from industrial effluents. A good computational method based on the context of orthogonal collocation coupled to a Newton-Raphson multivariable algorithm and a Dassl code is implemented to calculate the overpotential distribution, reaction rate, and the bed porosity time distribution in the reactor. The effect of constant current operation on the porosity field modification is addressed. The effects of other important design parameters such as the applied current and the bed width are analyzed. The results of the model here developed are in good agreement with experimental data.
Keywords: Electrochemical fixed bed reactor, Mathematical modeling, Pore Constriction, and Porosity

In April 2014, Sathyabama University, Chennai, India will deploy its first public touchscreen information kiosk running on Windows 8, designed to provide on-demand access to useful and commonly viewed library information through an Interactive Kiosk. This article presents a description of the hardware and software development process, as well as the rationale behind a variety of design and implementation decisions.
Keywords: kiosk, Information, Touch-screen, Windows 8, Metro app

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart which serves in diagnostic application. The ECG records the electrical activity that results when the heart muscle cells in the atria and ventricles contract. The ECG waveform is analyzed by the cardiologist in diagnosis various disease and condition associated with the heart. The purpose of this project is to develop a virtual ECG machine through Lab VIEW. The function of this system is to identify the various heart diseases with respect to change in QRS complex, P wave, and T wave of the patient. Three electrodes a signal from ECG amplifier is then interfaced with Lab VIEW software for the purpose of display and enabling for further signal processing. Signal is analyzed through Lab VIEW, the output of the system re connected to the human body, one on the right arm, left arm and other on the right leg as reference or ground to extract ECG signal from human body. The electrical signal appeared at the ECG input is typically less than 1mV and it is essential to amplify. An Amplifier circuit is designed to acquire and process the signal. The output of the circuit is recorded on a PC using Lab VIEW (DAQ card) interface card. Normally, the problem of amplification is signal has a lot of noise interference which appears at the input from ac power line, arrangement of component and other source. These interferences should be overcome
Keywords: Data Acquisition, ECG, LabVIEW, Virtual instrumentation

Despite being one of the cornerstones of science, technology and industry, it is apparent that chemistry plays a greater role in national development through industry in the world. As such it helps to provide some socials amenities. The study examined the role of chemistry education in national development with reference to chemical industries. The study concentrated on chemical industries in Anambra State, Nigeria. Ten industries with a sample of one hundred (100) workers were chosen by the researcher using simple random sampling. Instrument used for data collection was the questionnaire. Mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the data collected. The results of the analysis showed that chemistry education helped in national development of chemical industries. The findings showed that students should endeavour more time to learn about chemistry education, because it will help them in many fields of life especially in chemical industries. Recommendations were made.
Keywords: Chemistry Education, National Development

Peace has been the watch word of every nation of the world in the 21st century including Nigeria. Sport in Nigeria is the only phenomena that brings out the patriotism of Nigerians as it reminds the people that they concluded African Cup of Nations. There are a lot of Nigeria traditional Sports and games that cut across over 2008 ethnic groups of the people of which reflected the cultural heritage and religious backgrounds. The most popular traditional sports in Nigeria includes, Ayo, Abular, Kokawa, Dambe, Langa and Aarin. Ncho is the most popular traditional sports in Anambra State and it is being played by two persons at a time. The largest collection of the seeds is declared the winner. It has rules and regulation guiding the game. Ncho has many challenges which includes not in the school curriculum, poor funding, inadequate personnel and others which the paper offers some likely suggestion for a way forward in Anambra State..

The project presents recognize of an aircraft in satellite image using template matching for accurate detection and tracking. High resolution multispectral satellite images with multi-angular look capability have tremendous potential applications. Here the system involves an object tracking algorithm with three-step processing that includes moving object estimation, target modelling, and target matching. Potentially moving objects are first identified on the time-series images. The target is then modelled by extracting both spectral and spatial features. In the target matching procedure, template will be used as matching model to recognize with each frame by frame for accurate detection. Here, normalized cross correlation and spatial features are used as features model for recognition. This recognition model will be continued for all sequence of satellite images.
Keywords: aircraft matching. Segmentation, template matching

The present work deals with problem of detection of isomorphism which is frequently encountered in structural synthesis of kinematic chains. Using link-link connectivity and link- adjacency values, a new method has been proposed to reveal simultaneously whether chain is isomorphic. Two new invariants, called first adjacency link value (FALV) and second adjacency link value (SALV), are developed for identifying distinct mechanisms of a planer kinematic chain. Another two invariants, called maximum first adjacency link value (MFALV) and maximum second adjacency link value (MSALV), which are the by – products of the same method, has been proposed to detect isomorphism among the kinematic chains. These invariants takes into account the connectivity value of links and type of joints of kinematic chain and are used as the composite identification number of a kinematic chain and mechanisms. The proposed method is easy to compute, reliable and capable of detecting isomorphism in all types of kinematic chains. This study will help kinematician / designer to select the best kinematic chain and mechanism to perform the specific task at conceptual stage of design. The proposed method is applied to 9-links, 2DOF kinematic chains.
Keywords: Inversion of kinematic chain, Isomorphism, Joint value, Kinematic chain, Link value.

Phyllanthus maderaspatensis, a dominant weed in Jowar fields and Celosia argentea, a dominant weed in Redgram fields were identified by the IVI studies conducted in the test fields of Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh. Though they are weed plants they have medicinal value. Their Allelopathic influence was noted down by petriplate and pot studies on crops like Jowar and Redgram. Their growth and biochemical parameters were tested. Phyllanthus sps are used traditionally for the treatment of viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Celosia argentea seeds are used medicinally as an ophthalmic, antiphlogistic and astringent in conjunctivitis. Being the test weeds are known ethanobotanicals in the area, their solvent extracts were subjected to antimicrobial screening which resulted that Alcohol and Ethyl acetate extracts have more significant inhibitory fraction.
Keywords: Phyllanthus maderaspantensis, Celosia argentea, MIC, MBC.

Medical special treatment is today expanding so quickly to the amount that even experts have difficulties in following the latest new results, changes and treatments.Computers improve on humans in their ability to remember and such property is veryprecious for a computeraided system that enables advances for both diagnosisand treatments. A Computer Aided System or Decision Support System thatcan suggestknowledgeable human logic or serve as an assistant to a physician in themedical domain is gradually important. In the medical area diagnostics, grouping and treatment are the key tasks for a physician. System developmentfor such a purpose is also a popular area in Artificial Intelligence research.Decision Support System that bearsresemblances with human reasoning have benefits and are often easily accepted by physicians in the medical domain. Electronic health data supervision is characterized by high pressure and timely access. Retrieving patient data needs that all services and objects are connected to make data from different health care bases available. Clinical data warehouses in this contextual facilitate the analysis, link and access of the data obtained in the patient care process to progress the quality of decision making.This paper proposesthe plan of a real time adaptive framework thatshields the improvement of predicting, responding andmonitoring strange behaviors in patient data in adata warehouse environment.
Keywords: Health care data, data mining, clinical data ware house, Computer Aided Diagnosis, Artificial Intelligence, Fuzzy Association Rules, Optimization.

This paper is about the development of automatic inspection system of welded nuts on support hinge used to support the trunk lid of a car using machine vision system. Until now, inspection of welded nuts was being performed manually visual inspection by worker in projection welding process. So it caused the production of poorly-made parts. The conditions of poorly-made parts divided into two categories; an omission of nuts, an eccentricity of welded nuts. These parts make trouble to erect between support hinge and the lid of trunk. To improve demerits of this manual operation, automatic inspection system using machine vision system is introduced. Inspection process is performed to make the complete vision based automatic inspection system before assembly, and this procedure led to the manufacturing cost saving. As the inspection algorithm, template matching algorithm(pattern matching and geometric matching techniques in NI IMAQ VISION) is applied to distinguish the articles of good quality and the poorly-made articles. Main panel of developed vision program is programmed by LabVIEW. Main program contains operating mode and setting mode compensating minimum matching score about the variation of the lighting condition. The designed inspection system with test algorithm, lighting system and program showed good results to and led to the increment of productivity in accordance with the reduction of elimination of poorly-made parts.
Keywords: Support Hinge, automatic welding and inspecting system, machine vision, template matching.

Three varieties of cassava roots were processed into gari from fresh roots and dry chips. The effect of particle size on the functional, pasting and textural properties was also evaluated. The results obtained for the functional properties showed that water absorption capacity ranged from 3.90 to 6.07ml/g, loose bulk density 0.42 to 0.53g/ml, packed bulk density 0.52 to 0.62g/ml and swelling index 2.77 to 4.63.Water absorption capacity, packed bulk density and swelling index all decreased with decreased in particle size. Pasting properties showed that final viscosity ranged from 126.50 to 331.42RVU, peak viscosity 119.67 to 322.67RVU, breakdown 30.92 to 177.67RVU, peak time 4.73 to 6.47RVU, trough 70.92 to 239.17RVU and pasting temperature 81.50 to 88.950C respectively. Textural properties showed that gel strength and gel consistency ranged from 1.44 to 1.93Seconds and 8.12 to 9.46cm. Final Viscosity showed highest in gari from dry chips of 98/2101 and this indicated that the sample is good for making sticky 'eba'....
Keywords: Functional Properties, Gari, Particle Size, Pasting and Textural Properties

Tubewells are used on a large scale in India for getting irrigation water from the ground. The high pressure of the outlet water from tube well is getting wasted. This high pressure can be used to make cheapest and eco-friendly reapers for farmers working in medium sized rice fields. The construction consists of an opening on the bottom most portion of the vertical tube well pipe and using a separator there to disperse the pressurised water into two flexible pipes. These flexible pipes should be long enough to cover the entire field. Water at the outlet of these pipes is made to fall on cup-shaped blades. These blades are attached at the bottom of two different columns having spring steel cutters at the top tightly attached to the columns. Thus the column has cutter blades with cutting edge on one side of it. The water pressure causes the cup shaped blades to rotate which therefore causes the column and hence the column with cutter blades to rotate, which cuts the crops. This entire assembly can be moved on wheels throughout the field. In future we can use this thing as diggers by making some modifications.
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Cognitive radio is a very promising area of research today. It increases spectral efficiency and hence applicable to many area where spectrum is a scare resource. However, it posses the main challenges like the interference and the false alarm probabilities. Research community is engaged in finding the proper solution in such cases. In some cases it happens that primary transmitter (licensed user) and secondary receiver (unlicensed user) are far apart and direct communication is not possible. In such cases relay nodes are used to establish communication. However to select the best relay among many is quite challenging task. This paper presents the overview of cognitive radio, importance of relaying network, relay selection algorithm and resource allocation in cognitive radio.
Keywords: Cognitive Radio, Cooperative communication, relaying network, Resource Allocation

In this study, sludge from municipal and industrial waste water plants located in and around Antalya city, were sampled and analyzed for bacteriological, helminth and protozoon pathogens including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. helminth and protozoon species compositions were also determined. In addition the laboratory scale research was conducted to eliminate the microbiological pathogens. In this respect the effects of heat treatment and stabilization with lime were conducted. Results indicate that considerable amount of pathogens can be eliminated by heating the sludge up to 70°C whereas the addition of lime accelerates the termination the pathogens.
Keywords: Liming and Heat treatment, Inactivation, Bacteria, Helminth, Sludge.

The purpose of this study conducted in this research was to measure thermo physical properties like Viscosities, η, and Densities, ρ, of 1,4 Dioxane with two hydrocarbons like Bromobenzene and Ethylebenzene at different mole fractions and various temperatures in the atmospheric pressure condition. From the experimental data excess volumes, VE, and deviations in viscosities, Δη, of mixtures at infinite dilutions have been obtained. The measured systems exhibited positive values of VE and negative values of Δη. The binary mixture 1, 4 Dioxane + Bromobenzene show positive VE and negative Δη with increasing temperatures. The outcomes clearly indicate that weak interactions present in mixture. It is mainly because of number and position of methyl groups exist in these aromatic hydrocarbons. These measured data tailored to the McAllister model to derive the binary coefficients. Standard deviations obtained from the fitted outcomes and the calculated data is helpful deliberate mixing behavior of the binary mixtures. It can conclude that in our case, the data found with the values correlated by the corresponding model is very well. The molecular interactions existing between the components and comparison of liquid mixtures were also discussed.
Keywords: Density, Excess molar volume, Oswald-Sprengel Pyknometer, Oswald viscometer, Viscosity and Viscosity deviation.s

Bishoftu motorization industry currently assembles Tank 55 model and Tank 62 model which are not using self explosive armor as Tank 72 model, because the part is costly and imported from overseas. Currently the company needs to cover the previous two models by self explosive reactive armor, these tanks needs one hundred fifty units each to cover the body of the tanks with self explosive reactive armor. This research deals with designing a progressive die, simulating the stamping process, analyzing stress and displacement of the components of die which is used for manufacturing self explosive reactive armor holder. A progressive die performs a series of fundamental sheet metal operations at two or more stations during each press stroke in order to produce the part as the strip stock moves through the die. In this work a progressive die design which consists of five stations in order to produced self explosive reactive armor holder by using solidWork 2012 software for the modeling of parts and logopress3 which is an add on software on solidWork 2012 to the simulate stamping operation and validation of the design process. The designed die can help Bishoftu motorization industry to manufacture the part rather than importing from abroad, hence it will save hard currency. One of the major constraints to determine the number of stages of the progressive die is operation to be performed on the part, the existing press machine tonnage capacity and geometrical dimensions. These requirements and constraints are considered so that the designed machine tool meets its functional necessities.
Keywords: Progressive Die Design, Self Explosive Holder, Bishoftu Motorization Industry, Logopress3

Despite the fact that number of Railway accidents have been occurred due to system failure and lack of attention. Therefore, Driver in-alertness is an important cause for most accidents related to vehicle crashes. This paper basically focused on Drowsy driver detection methods can form the basis of a system to potentially reduce accidents related to driver drowsiness that leads major accidents. An Automatic vision based system describes a real-time driver in alertness and shock related facial expression monitoring. This system obtains visual cues such as eyelid movement; gaze movement, head movement, and facial expression that typically characterize the level of alertness of a person are extracted in real time and systematically combined to infer the fatigue level of the driver. It distinguishes itself by the Two-Way Approach in eye gaze analysis. Shock analysis is done to identify the driver's expression and signals are sent for automatic braking system. An automatic vision based system is developed to model in Intel-Eye and it is used for predicting human alertness based on the visual cues obtained.
Keywords: derailment, vibration sensing, eye blinking, accidents free, track.

A close association of man with river is exist since time immemorial. Therefore one of the most conspicuous attributes of human settlement is man's affinity for riverine location. A large section of people in earth live in floodplains because of a good number of reasons for the strong attraction of riverine plains to man. Flooding of the valleys during the rainy season is a common hazard in Assam. The Bhogdoi, an important south bank sub-tributary of the Brahmaputra, is prone to cause floods. The catchment of this river lies in the Naga Hills, but mostly in the Jorhat district of Assam. The middle and lower most part of the basin are most seriously affected by flood, bank erosion, sand deposition etc. People of this region are trying to solve the problem created by flood. It is common experience that despite all such effort, every year the amount of losses and ravages of flood have gone up at an accelerated rate. Here an attempt has been made to study the flow characteristics of the Bhogdoi River by analysing the various hydrological data and also to examine and analyse the various factors responsible for recurrence of flood in the Bhogdoi basin in Assam based on field surveys and data from secondary sources. The collected data have been tabulated and processed up to desired level and depicted in the form of maps, hydrographs in due interpretation. Results, suggestive measures to control the increasing rate of flood damages and conclusion of study are drawn based on brief analysis of the problem.
Keywords: Bhogdoi River, River basin, Sub-tributary, Flood

Fluid flow past an obstacle of circular cross-section represents a classical fluid mechanics problem and has received much attention for over a century or so. In the present study, the fluid flow and heat transfer from a two-dimensional circular cylinder is considered in the unsteady flow regime. In particular, the effect of Reynolds number on on drag and lift coefficients, Strouhal number and the heat transfer characteristic of a long circular cylinder (heated) are investigated for Reynolds number range: Re = 50-180 (in the steps of 10) and Prandtl number = 0.7 (air) in the unconfined unsteady cross-flow. The numerical simulations have been carried out by using finite volume method (FVM) based commercial CFD solver Fluent (version 6.3). Detailed flow patterns are presented by way of instantaneous streamline, vorticity magnitude, velocity magnitude and pressure contours. The present results are found to be in an excellent agreement with the experimental/numerical data available for a circular cylinder in the literature. Heat transfer results are presented here by the variation of Nusselt number with time as well as by isotherm profiles for the above range of conditions. The average Nusselt number increases with increasing Reynolds number. As the Reynolds number increases, the drag coefficient and shedding frequency increases, however, the rms drag and rms lift coefficients increase with Reynolds number. Finally, simple correlation for time-averaged drag coefficient and time average Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds number are obtained for the range of conditions covered in this study.
Keywords: Circular cylinder; unsteady regime; Reynolds number; Nusselt number.

The objective of this research is the creation of a spatial database from the operation of the termination and inspection of the fishing vessels (Henrikan). There are certainly a lot of multi-year fisheries data that can be used as an in-depth study. It is used Geographic Information Systems method, that is ArcView 3.3 software. In principle, the processing of data with geographic information systems (GIS) are data entry, data analysis and data display. Data entry associated with spatial data (location of fishing vessels) and tabular data (condition of the fishing vessels). Display the data could be maps of distribution of fishing vessel, graphs, and tables related with the activities of the operation on inspection and termination of fishing vessel.
Keywords: GIS, Illegal fishing, Eastern Indonesian Waters

This study sought to establish the effects of alternative banking channels on profitability of commercial banks in Kenya. This research espoused a qualitative research methodology that involved the collection and analysis of statistical data from primary and secondary sources. For purposes of this study, data for a period of four years was analyzed, examined and compared to manifest the rapport between alternative banking channels and profitability of commercial banks. The primary data was sourced from the books of accounts of the Co-operative bank of Kenya and questionnaires distributed to staff, customers and bank agents to justify that the use of alternative banking channels really impacts on profitability of commercial partners. The branches were selected depending on their incorporation of ABCs services in their operation. Out of a population of 120, a sample of 80 was targeted. The branches of cooperative bank of Kenya were unit of analysis whereas the employees, agents and customers of the same bank were used as unit of inquiry. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to identify the branches and respondents of the questionnaires. In the first stage geographical region was identified based on the regions in which branches are demarcated. In the second stage branches which were actively using ABCs were identified while in the last stage branches which had a percentage threshold of 90% and above were selected. The primary data collected through questionnaires were to ensure correctness and consistency before using SPSS statistical tool for analysis and presentation. The study found out that banks should try to make sure that ABCs' services are designed in the way that customers can easily use them; they are faster which will lead to high subscription rate for previously unbanked segment; banks must also use modern technology in their ABCs services as these will make them user friendly, faster and convenient; Customers should subscribe to ABCs services since they will save them time, money as well as enable them to perform several transactions at their comfort anywhere and at any time.
Keywords: Alternative Banking Channels (ABCs), M-Banking, Jumbo link, E-Banking

The Internet was originally developed with little or no security. As governments run test bed for academic research, the user community was co-operative and nobody considered the possibility that one user or group of users would undertake operations harmful to others. The commercialization of the Internet in the early to mid-1990s resulted in the rise of the potential for adversarial interactions. Phishing is a form of online identity theft. Phishers use social engineering to steal victims' personal identity data and financial account credentials. Social engineering schemes use spoofed e-mails to lure unsuspecting victims into counterfeit websites designed to trick recipients into divulging financial data such as credit card numbers, account usernames, passwords and social security numbers. This is called a deceptive phishing attack. In this paper, a thorough overview of Exposing Ways and Means of Carrying out Phishing attacks towards Ensuring Confidence in the use of University Portals, the ways and means by which phishers carry out phishing attacks.
Keywords: crackers, cybercrime, hackers, identity theft, phishing

This paper deals with the development of low cost PV pumping system using a PMBLDC (permanent magnet brushless dc motor) drive coupled to a pump load. The controller has been designed and developed without current and position sensors therefore reducing to a large extent the overall cost of the drive system. DC-DC converters are used to maintain the required output in case of low solar insolation during the winter and also in case of reduced solar output due to increase in cell temperature. A simple filter circuit is introduced before inverter to reduce ripples which increases the efficiency of the system. The inverter drives PMBLDC to pump the water to the tank. The input from the water level sensors attached to the tank indicates the water level to the controller and thereby automates the pumping system.
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This investigation was designed to determine the side effects of weight reduction fruits (green lean body capsule) administration for 30 days on some liver function parameters and antagonize or decrease these effects by black seeds. Fifteen mature female rabbits randomly divided into three groups( 5 /group) drenched for 30 day: control group received physiological normal saline (1ml/kg B.W); first treated group T1 received green lean body capsule (4.2mg/kg B.W) ; second treated group T2 received green lean body capsule (4.2mg/kg B.W) and black seeds (28mg/kg B.W). Blood samples were collected via heart puncture pre treatment and day 30 of administration, the plasma liver function parameters reveled that green lean body capsule caused a significant increase in plasma total bilirubin, triglycerides, GOT and GPT enzymes, on the other hand decrease total cholesterol and glucose with un significant increase in total protein of T1 as compare to pretreatment, T2 and control while the T2 represented un significant changes in the above mentioned parameters as compare to pretreatment and control. In conclusions, the black seeds act as a defense factor against the destructive effect of green lean body capsule on the biochemical activity of hepatocyte.
Keywords: Nigella sativa, black seeds, rabbits, liver and green lean body capsule

Studies have shown that high velocity machining operations are significantly characterized by vibration potentials and dynamic transients largely connected to varying instabilities and departure from process constraints. The challenge of increased performance indices of production schedules and the rising competition in quality defined products and services places enormous demand on the research and development unit to evolve technological initiatives and designs that would support and sustain the reduction or elimination of transient perturbations and vibration levels in high velocity machining conditions. Thus, vibration level minimization or elimination is therefore a function of stability limits which define the cutting loads assignable to tools with respect to damping of vibration before its arrival at tool ends. The investigation established a nexus between capitulated energy quotients (CEQs) under vibration and transient perturbations; and the efficiency of machines. By this finding, the paper indicated that the resolution of the problems of clamp load deviation indices (due to vibrations) can significantly enhance dimensional accuracy, technical and commercial viability of items manufactured under high velocity machining regimes.
Keywords: capitulated energy quotients, clamp load deviation, particulate force, quantized regressive energy profiling, transient vibration fluxes, structural imbalance

Molecular interactions giving rise to solid structures are activities that borders on the tensional forces at molecular surfaces. These forces results from energy interactions of transfer and absorption which also utilize molecular surfaces as the medium of transportation. As depicted by this paper, surface potentials responds to two states conditions within which other state space transitions apply and the existing inter-molecular distances thus play a crucial role in the possibilities of shapes that are derivable. Consequently, the structures that are obtainable from the combinatorial bonding of these molecular shapes for different elements determine the resultant range of nano-products and devices. Thus, an appreciable understanding of the manipulation and control dynamics of these bivariant potentiations can unlock unlimited possibilities of molecular combinations of shapes, deployable for varying scientific and industrial needs.
Keywords: Bivariant potentiations, orbital coercivity, nano-miniaturization, substitutional interstitiality, nanomechanics

The paper present design of a common control law for R number of Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model rules in the context of Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) with eigenvalue minimization for load frequency stability control. Simulation results obtained showed that the controller has slightly demerit in performance compared with its counter part that uses separate fuzzy control law for each T-S fuzzy model rule reported by Shehu R. S., Salawu H. and Yusuf M. (2014), T-S Fuzzy Model based State Feedback Control Design for Exponential System Stability, Submitted for Publication in the Tropical journal of Engineering, ATBU, Bauchi, Nigeria
Keywords: parallel distributed compensation, T-S fuzzy model, linear matrix inequality, eigenvalue minimization, local gain method, common gain method